{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:41:13Z","timestamp":1791222073514,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]],"date-time":"2017-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12 HD055884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12 HD055884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 HL068546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 HL068546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI106683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI106683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 HL078860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 HL078860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI072570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI072570"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI104733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI104733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>B cells play many roles in health and disease. However, little is known about the mechanisms that drive B cell responses in the airways, especially in humans. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS<\/jats:styled-content>) is an inflammatory disease of the upper airways that affects 10% of Europeans and Americans. A subset of CRS<\/jats:styled-content> patients develop nasal polyps (NP<\/jats:styled-content>s), which are characterized by type 2 inflammation, eosinophils and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2s). We have reported that NP<\/jats:styled-content> contain elevated levels of B cells and antibodies, making NP<\/jats:styled-content> an ideal system for studying B cells in the airways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>We sought to determine the mechanisms that drive B cell activation and antibody production during chronic airway inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We analysed B cells from NP<\/jats:styled-content> or tonsil, or after ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2 coculture, by flow cytometry. Antibody production from tissue was measured using Luminex assays and the frequency of antibody\u2010secreting cells by ELIS<\/jats:styled-content>pot. Formation of B cell clusters was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Expression of genes associated with B cell activation and class switch recombination was measured by qRT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010PCR<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>NP<\/jats:styled-content> contained significantly elevated frequencies of plasmablasts, especially those that expressed the extrafollicular marker Epstein\u2013Barr virus\u2010induced protein 2 (EBI<\/jats:styled-content>2), but significantly fewer germinal centre (GC<\/jats:styled-content>) B cells compared with tonsil. Antibody production and the frequency of antibody\u2010secreting cells were significantly elevated in NP<\/jats:styled-content>, and there was evidence for local class switch recombination in NP<\/jats:styled-content>. Finally, ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2s directly induced EBI<\/jats:styled-content>2 expression on B cells in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>Our data suggest there is a unique B cell activation environment within NP<\/jats:styled-content> that is distinct from classic GC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010mediated mechanisms. We show for the first time that ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2s directly induce EBI<\/jats:styled-content>2 expression on B cells, indicating that ILC<\/jats:styled-content>2s may play an important role in B cell responses. B cell\u2010targeted therapies may provide new treatment options for CRS<\/jats:styled-content>wNP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T13:56:48Z","timestamp":1482328608000},"page":"457-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Chronic airway inflammation provides a unique environment for B cell activation and antibody production"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy\u2010Immunology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Kasjanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy\u2010Immunology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Poposki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy\u2010Immunology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. N.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy\u2010Immunology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy\u2010Immunology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy\u2010Immunology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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