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Various B and T cell maturation variables were examined in blood samples obtained at several occasions from birth to 8\u00a0years of age and related to doctors' diagnosed allergic disease and sensitization, and to farming environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that the incidence of allergic disease was lower among farmers' compared to non\u2010farmers' children during the 8\u2010year follow\u2010up period, and that farmers' children had higher proportions of memory B cells at 8\u00a0years of age. Moreover, a high proportion of neonatal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells was a risk factor for and may predict development of allergic disease at 8\u00a0years of age. A high proportion of Tregs was not protective against development of these conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>High proportions of neonatal na\u00efve B cells remained as a risk factor for allergic disease in school\u2010aged children. Thus, the accelerated B cell maturation observed among farmers' children may be crucial for the allergy\u2010protective effect of a farming environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]],"date-time":"2017-03-14T21:04:40Z","timestamp":1489525480000},"page":"918-928","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Allergic disease in 8\u2010year\u2010old children is preceded by delayed B cell maturation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Str\u00f6mbeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Nordstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic Skaraborg Hospital Lidk\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic Skaraborg Hospital Lidk\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Maglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Rabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Adlerberth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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