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The role of non\u2010allergic rhinitis in early life in relation to subsequent asthma has not been extensively explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We sought to determine whether rhinitis in early life was associated with risk of asthma development into adulthood, and whether this relationship is independent of allergic sensitization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were identified from the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study, a non\u2010selected birth cohort. Allergy skin prick testing was performed at age 6\u00a0years using house dust mix, Bermuda, mesquite, olive, mulberry, careless weed, and<jats:italic>Alternaria<\/jats:italic>aeroallergens. Atopy was defined as \u22651 positive tests. Physician\u2010diagnosed active asthma from age 6 to 32 and physician\u2010diagnosed rhinitis at age 6 were determined by questionnaire. Participants with asthma or active wheezing at age 6 were excluded from analyses. Risk estimates were obtained with Cox regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 521 participants who met inclusion criteria. The hazard ratio for subsequently acquiring a diagnosis of asthma between the ages of 8 and 32 for those with non\u2010atopic rhinitis was 2.1 (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.2, 3.4,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.005), compared with the non\u2010atopic no rhinitis group, after adjusting for sex, ethnicity, maternal asthma, maternal education and smoking, and history of 4+ colds per year at age 6. Among the atopic participants, both the active and no rhinitis groups were more likely to develop and have asthma through age 32. The relation between non\u2010atopic rhinitis and asthma was independent of total serum IgE levels at age 6.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood rhinitis, even in the absence of atopy, confers significant risk for asthma development through adulthood. These findings underscore the importance of non\u2010allergic mechanisms in the development of asthma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,16]],"date-time":"2018-09-16T13:23:56Z","timestamp":1537104236000},"page":"35-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Non\u2010atopic rhinitis at age 6 is associated with subsequent development of asthma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6397-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara F.","family":"Carr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra A.","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Halonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando D.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2010.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2009.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12467"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61451-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70277-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2016.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19837-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201311-2095OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-309OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.12.669"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61447-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10321-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201104-0660OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.07.025"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12235","article-title":"Paediatric rhinitis: position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 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