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The pathogenic mechanism of SEB on epithelial barriers, however, is largely unexplored.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the effect of SEB on nasal epithelial barrier function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SEB was apically administered to air\u2010liquid interface (ALI) cultures of primary polyp and nasal epithelial cells of CRSwNP patients and healthy controls, respectively. Epithelial cell integrity and tight junction expression were evaluated. The involvement of Toll\u2010like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation was studied in vitro with TLR2 monoclonal antibodies and in vivo in\n                      <jats:italic>tlr2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      knockout mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SEB applied to ALI cultures of polyp epithelial cells decreased epithelial cell integrity by diminishing occludin and zonula occludens (ZO)\u20101 protein expression. Antagonizing TLR2 prevented SEB\u2010induced barrier disruption. SEB applied in the nose of control mice increased mucosal permeability and decreased mRNA expression of occludin and ZO\u20101, whereas mucosal integrity and tight junction expression remained unaltered in\n                      <jats:italic>tlr2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. Furthermore, in vitro SEB stimulation resulted in epithelial production of IL\u20106 and IL\u20108, which was prevented by TLR2 antagonization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion &amp; Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SEB damages nasal polyp epithelial cell integrity by triggering TLR2 in CRSwNP. Our results suggest that SEB might represent a driving factor of disease exacerbation, rather than a causal factor for epithelial defects in CRSwNP. Interfering with TLR2 triggering might provide a way to avoid the pathophysiological consequences of\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      on inflammation in CRSwNP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T14:34:25Z","timestamp":1602686065000},"page":"87-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["<i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    enterotoxin B disrupts nasal epithelial barrier integrity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8741-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katleen","family":"Martens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Department of Microbiology Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4399-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven F.","family":"Seys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Department of Microbiology Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1959-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeranddy A.","family":"Alpizar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Laboratory of Ion Channel Research Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"BIOMED University of Hasselt Hasselt Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rik","family":"Schrijvers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Department of Microbiology Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique M. 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