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The causes of this increase are not well established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the risk factors associated with ARDs among schoolchildren in Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a secondary data analysis of a large asthma case\u2013control study involving 1700 schoolchildren, 5\u201317\u00a0years, in urban Uganda. ARDs were defined according to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Skin prick testing (SPT) was conducted using standard procedures and allergen\u2010specific IgE (asIgE) using ImmunoCAP\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      . We employed inverse probability weighted analysis to generate estimated prevalence data and weighted odds ratios.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The lifetime estimated weighted prevalence of reported rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and eczema was 43.3%, 39.5% and 13.5%; weighted prevalence in 12\u00a0months was 10.1%, 9.1% and 2.3%, respectively. There was overlap of ARDs, with 66.3% of 1193 schoolchildren who reported having ever an ARDs (including asthma) reporting two or more. Risk factors associated with reported rhinitis in the last 12\u00a0months were city residence at birth [adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 2.66 (1.42\u20134.99) compared to rural]; father's [2.62 (1.79\u20133.83)] and mother's history of allergic disease [2.12 (1.48\u20133.02)]; frequent de\u2010worming in the last 12\u00a0months [2.01 (1.30\u20133.11), \u22652 versus none]; current high frequency of \u2018trucks passing on the street near home\u2019 [2.59 (1.48\u20134.52), \u2018almost all the time\u2019 versus rarely] and positive SPT [1.54 (1.09\u20132.18)] but not asIgE [1.38 (0.60\u20133.15)]. The same pattern of risk factors was observed for allergic conjunctivitis and eczema.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found extensive multi\u2010morbidity of, and overlap in the risk factors for, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and eczema\u2014similar to asthma risk factors\u2014among schoolchildren in urban Uganda. This suggests a similar underlying cause for all ARDs, associated with exposure to urban lifestyles and environment in Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T14:25:23Z","timestamp":1603549523000},"page":"108-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Risk factors associated with rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and eczema among schoolchildren in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1199-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harriet","family":"Mpairwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit  Entebbe Uganda"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London 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