{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:45:05Z","timestamp":1792453505277,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Local tissue eosinophilia and Th2 cytokines are characteristic features of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Airway remodelling is a feature of asthma whereas evidence for remodelling in allergic rhinitis (AR) is conflicting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By use of a novel human repetitive nasal allergen challenge (RAC) model, we evaluated the relationship between allergic inflammation and features of remodelling in AR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve patients with moderate\u2013severe AR underwent 5 alternate day challenges with diluent which after 4\u00a0weeks were followed by 5 alternate day challenges with grass pollen extract. Nasal symptoms, Th1\/Th2 cytokines in nasal secretion and serum were evaluated. Nasal biopsies were taken 24\u00a0hours after the 1st and 5th challenges with diluent and with allergen. Sixteen healthy controls underwent a single challenge with diluent and with allergen. Using immunohistochemistry, epithelial and submucosal inflammatory cells and remodelling markers were evaluated by computed image analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was an increase in early and late\u2010phase symptoms after every allergen challenge compared to diluent (both\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) with evidence of both clinical and immunological priming. Nasal tissue eosinophils and IL\u20105 in nasal secretion increased significantly after RAC compared to corresponding diluent challenges (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.01, respectively). There was a correlation between submucosal mast cells and the early\u2010phase clinical response (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.79,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.007) and an association between epithelial eosinophils and IL\u20105 concentrations in nasal secretion (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.69,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.06) in allergic rhinitis. No differences were observed after RAC with regard to epithelial integrity, reticular basement membrane thickness, glandular area, expression of markers of activation of airway remodelling including \u03b1\u2010SMA, HSP\u201047, extracellular matrix (MMP7, 9 and TIMP\u20101), angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis for AR compared with healthy controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Novel repetitive nasal allergen challenge in participants with severe persistent seasonal allergic rhinitis resulted in tissue eosinophilia and increases in IL\u20105 but no structural changes. Our data support no link between robust Th2\u2010inflammation and development of airway remodelling in AR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T11:52:28Z","timestamp":1604404348000},"page":"329-338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Repetitive nasal allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis: Priming and Th2\u2010type inflammation but no evidence of remodelling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Nara T.","family":"Orban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology National Heart and Lung Institute Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Allergy Department Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals NHS Trust Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2921-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikila R.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology National Heart and Lung Institute Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Allergy Department Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals NHS Trust Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayhan T.","family":"Nouri\u2010Aria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology National Heart and Lung Institute Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Allergy Department Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals NHS Trust Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Durham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology National Heart and Lung Institute Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Allergy Department Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals NHS Trust Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4098-4211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aarif O.","family":"Eifan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology National Heart and Lung Institute Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Allergy Department Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals NHS Trust Imperial College London  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