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Although the aetiology of AD remains incompletely understood, recent studies have provided further insight into AD pathophysiology, demonstrating that the interaction among genetic predisposition, immune dysfunction and environmental provocation factors contributes to its development. However, the increasing prevalence of AD suggests that environmental factors such as irritation and cutaneous infection play a crucial role in triggering and\/or aggravating the disease. Of note, AD skin is susceptible to bacterial, fungal and viral infections, and microorganisms may colonize the skin and aggravate AD symptoms. Overall, understanding the mechanisms by which these risk factors affect the cutaneous immunity of patients with AD is of great importance for developing a precision medicine approach for treatment. This review summarizes recent developments in exogenous factors involved in the pathogenesis of AD, with special emphasis on irritants and microbial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T18:59:37Z","timestamp":1609786777000},"page":"382-392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Exogenous factors in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: Irritants and cutaneous infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Hainan","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Atopy (Allergy) Research Center Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo 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