{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T21:17:12Z","timestamp":1793999832266,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>An association has been reported between early life <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> nasal carriage and higher risk of childhood eczema, but it is unclear whether this relationship is causal and associations with other bacterial species are unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the associations of early life nasal and nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage with eczema phenotypes, and the direction of any associations identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 996 subjects of a population\u2010based prospective cohort study, nasal swabs for <jats:italic>Staphylococcus \u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>, and nasopharyngeal swabs for <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> were collected and cultured from age 6\u00a0weeks to 6\u00a0years. Never, early, mid\u2010, late transient and persistent eczema phenotypes were identified from parental\u2010reported physician\u2010diagnosed eczema from age 6\u00a0months until 10\u00a0years. Multinomial regression models and cross\u2010lagged models were applied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> nasal carriage at 6\u00a0months was associated with an increased risk of early transient and persistent eczema (OR (95% CI): 2.69 (1.34, 5.39) and 4.17 (1.12, 15.51)). The associations between <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> nasal carriage and eczema were mostly cross\u2010sectional, and not longitudinal. No associations of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus\u00a0pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenza<\/jats:italic> nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage with eczema and eczema phenotypes were observed (OR range (95% CI): 0.71 (0.35, 1.44) to 1.77 (0.84, 3.73)).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early life <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> nasal carriage, but not <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenza<\/jats:italic> nasopharyngeal carriage, was associated with early transient and persistent eczema. <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> nasal carriage and eczema were mostly cross\u2010sectionally associated, and not longitudinally, making a causal relationship in either direction unlikely.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T07:47:26Z","timestamp":1616572046000},"page":"716-725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association between nasal and nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in early life and eczema phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9180-5781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6731-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Duijts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0826-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelien R.","family":"van Meel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten I. M.","family":"Looman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica C.","family":"Kiefte\u2010de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luba M.","family":"Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DirkJan","family":"Hijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne G. M. A.","family":"Pasmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan C.","family":"de Jongste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette A.","family":"Moll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Nijsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17879"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14566"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17755"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0703-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"CD003871","article-title":"Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of eczema","volume":"10","author":"George SMC","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-012-9735-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9022-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00641-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9500-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700048017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18705"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-011-1118-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"Team RC","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1402334"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v015.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Nasal colonization by staphylococcus aureus in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Berbegal L","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dermatol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.07.834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02483.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01184-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02419"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0147-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01679.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30570-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01734-07"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; Experimental Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cea.13869","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cea.13869","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cea.13869","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:57:57Z","timestamp":1693616277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cea.13869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cea.13869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cea.13869","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-7894","1365-2222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-7894","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2222","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}