{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:18:46Z","timestamp":1779884326517,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) is a metabolite of tryptophan and dietary precursor of enzymes involved in many regulatory processes, which may influence fetal immune development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined whether maternal plasma concentrations of nicotinamide, tryptophan or nine related tryptophan metabolites during pregnancy were associated with the risk of development of infant eczema, wheeze, rhinitis or allergic sensitization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study, we analysed the associations between maternal plasma levels of nicotinamide, tryptophan and tryptophan metabolites at 26\u201328\u00a0weeks of gestation and allergic outcomes collected through interviewer\u2010administered questionnaires at multiple time\u2010points and skin prick testing to egg, milk, peanut and mites at age 18\u00a0months. Multivariate analysis was undertaken adjusting for all metabolites measured and separately adjusting for relevant demographic and environmental exposures. Analyses were also adjusted for multiple comparisons using the false discovery method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tryptophan metabolites were evaluated in 976\/1247 (78%) women enrolled in GUSTO. In multivariate analysis including all metabolites, maternal plasma 3\u2010hydrokynurenine was associated with increased allergic sensitization at 18\u00a0months (AdjRR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3\u20135.2 for highest quartile) but the association with nicotinamide was not significant (AdjRR 1.8, 95% CI 0.9\u20133.6). In analysis adjusting for other exposures, both 3\u2010hydrokynurenine and nicotinamide were associated with increased allergic sensitization (AdjRR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1\u20133.6 for both metabolites). High maternal plasma nicotinamide was associated with increased infant eczema diagnosis by 6 and 12\u00a0months, which was not significant when adjusting for all metabolites measured, but was significant when adjusting for relevant environmental and demographic exposures. Other metabolites measured were not associated with allergic sensitization or eczema, and maternal tryptophan metabolites were not associated with offspring rhinitis and wheeze.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal tryptophan metabolism during pregnancy may influence the development of allergic sensitization and eczema in infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T15:35:58Z","timestamp":1621956958000},"page":"1346-1360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Role of maternal tryptophan metabolism in allergic diseases in the offspring"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7154-2881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui Xing","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4277-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"El\u2010Heis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qai Ven","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiong Huak","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl Pei Ting","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neerja","family":"Karnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Mei Ling","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1037-6143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Huiwen","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)  Singapore City Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore City Singapore"},{"name":"Khoo Teck Puat\u2010National University Children\u2019s Medical Institute National University Hospital National University Health System  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Eng Neo","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Service Department of Paediatrics KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital (KKWCH)  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oon Hoe","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Service Department of Paediatrics KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital (KKWCH)  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kok Hian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital (KKWCH)  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan Gunnar","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)  Singapore City Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore and National University Health System  Singapore City Singapore"},{"name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yap Seng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)  Singapore City Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore and National University Health System  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Foong\u2010Fong","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)  Singapore City Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Van Bever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore City Singapore"},{"name":"Khoo Teck Puat\u2010National University Children\u2019s Medical Institute National University Hospital National University Health System  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bee Wah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette P.","family":"Shek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith M.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn Xiu Ling","family":"Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)  Singapore City Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/6.8.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.01.541"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12910"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000475497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.2.530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.120758"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"BellowsL MooreR.Water\u2010soluble vitamins: B\u2010complex and vitamin C.Fact sheet (Colorado State University Extension) Food and Nutrition Series; 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