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Lung function tests in these patients typically show bronchial obstruction of the small airways in combination with increased air trapping in the distal airways, which is consistent with small airway dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective was to assess the grade of chronic lower airway inflammation and small airway dysfunction from induced sputum and the corresponding local pro\u2010inflammatory mediator pattern to discriminate patients affected by bronchiectasis\u2010related Small Airway Dysfunction (SAD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a prospective design, 22 patients with ID (14 CVID, 3 XLA, 3\u00a0hyper\u2010IgM syndrome, 1\u00a0hyper\u2010IgE syndrome and low IgG levels due to treatment with rituximab and 1 SCID after BMT and persistent humoral defect) and 21\u00a0healthy controls were examined. Lung function, Fraction Expiratory Nitric Oxide (FeNO) and pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine levels were compared in subsets of patients with (ID\u00a0+\u00a0BE) and without bronchiectasis (ID) pre\u2010stratified using high\u2010resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans and control subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis of induced sputum showed significantly increased total cell counts and severe neutrophilic inflammation in ID. The concomitant SAD revealed higher total cell numbers compared to ID. Bronchial inflammation in ID is clearly mirrored by pro\u2010inflammatory mediators IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106 and CXCL\u20108, whilst TNF\u2010\u03b1 revealed a correlation with lung function parameters altered in the context of bronchiectasis\u2010related Small Airway Dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In spite of immunoglobulin substitution, bronchial inflammation was dominated by neutrophils and was highly increased in patients with ID\u00a0+\u00a0BE. Notably, the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines in patients with ID were significantly increased in induced sputum. The context\u2010dependent cytokine pattern in relation to the presence of concomitant bronchiectasis associated with SAD in ID patients could be helpful in delimiting ID patient subgroups and individualizing therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T16:57:08Z","timestamp":1648659428000},"page":"760-773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Bronchial inflammation biomarker patterns link humoral immunodeficiency with bronchiectasis\u2010related small airway dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4826-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich M.","family":"Zissler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy &amp; Environment (ZAUM) Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich German Research 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