{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:30:20Z","timestamp":1755225020325,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI070364","R21 AI138077","T32 AI007496","R01 AI020565","U01 AI100799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI070364","R21 AI138077","T32 AI007496","R01 AI020565","U01 AI100799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infection with rhinovirus (RV) is a major risk factor for disease exacerbations in patients with allergic asthma. This study analysed a broad set of cytokines in the noses of children and adults with asthma during RV infection in order to identify immunophenotypes that may link to virus\u2010induced episodes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasal wash specimens were analysed in children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0279 [healthy, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0125; stable asthma, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a064; wheeze, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a090], ages 2\u201312) who presented to a hospital emergency department, and in adults (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a044 [healthy, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a013; asthma, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a031], ages 18\u201338) who were experimentally infected with RV, including a subset who received anti\u2010IgE. Cytokines were measured by multiplex bead assay and data analysed by univariate and multivariate methods to test relationships to viral load, allergic status, airway inflammation, and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis of a core set of 7 cytokines (IL\u20106, CXCL8\/IL\u20108, IL\u201015, EGF, G\u2010CSF, CXCL10\/IP\u201010 and CCL22\/MDC) revealed higher levels in children with acute wheeze versus those with stable asthma or controls. Multivariate analysis identified two clusters that were enriched for acutely wheezing children; one displaying high viral load (\u201cRV\u2010high\u201d) with robust secretion of CXCL10, and the other displaying high IgE with elevated EGF, CXCL8 and both eosinophil\u2010 and neutrophil\u2010derived mediators. Broader assessment of 39 cytokines confirmed that children with acute wheeze were not deficient in type 1 anti\u2010viral responses. Analysis of 18 nasal cytokines in adults with asthma who received RV challenge identified two clusters; one that was \u201cRV\u2010high\u201d and linked to robust induction of anti\u2010viral cytokines and anti\u2010IgE; and the other associated with more severe symptoms and a higher inflammatory state featuring eosinophil and neutrophil factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results confirm the presence of different immunophenotypes linked to parameters of airway disease in both children and adults with asthma who are infected with RV. Such discrepancies may reflect the ability to regulate anti\u2010viral responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T10:58:38Z","timestamp":1652698718000},"page":"1169-1182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cluster analysis of nasal cytokines during rhinovirus infection identifies different immunophenotypes in both children and adults with allergic asthma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3203-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndsey M.","family":"Muehling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Heymann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Virginia School of Medicine  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holliday","family":"Carper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Virginia School of Medicine  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah D.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Virginia School of Medicine  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Rajadhyaksha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Virginia School of Medicine  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Virginia School of Medicine  Charlottesville Virginia USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen V.","family":"Early","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of Virginia School of Medicine  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Soto\u2010Quiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Nacional de Ni\u00f1os  San Jos\u00e9 Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydiana","family":"Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Nacional de Ni\u00f1os  San Jos\u00e9 Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Workman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas A. 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