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INCs are considered to be the most effective therapy for moderate\u2010to\u2010severe AR, as they are effective against nasal and ocular symptoms and improve quality of life. Their safety has been widely observed. INCs are effective and safe for short\u2010term use. Local adverse events are observed but generally well\u2010tolerated. The occurrence of (serious) systemic adverse events is unlikely but cannot be ruled out. There is a lack of long\u2010term safety data. INC may cause serious eye complications. The risk of INCs on the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis, on bone mineral density reduction or osteoporosis and on growth in children, should be considered during treatment. Pharmacological characteristics of INCs (e.g. the mode of action and pharmacokinetics) are well known and described. We sought to gain insight into whether specific properties affect the efficacy and safety of INCs, including nasal particle deposition, which the administration technique affects. However, advances are lacking regarding the improved understanding of the effect of particle deposition on efficacy and safety and the effect of the administration technique. This review emphasizes the gaps in knowledge regarding this subject. Advances in research and health care are necessary to improve care for patients with AR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T16:20:07Z","timestamp":1660148407000},"page":"1247-1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Pharmacology, particle deposition and drug administration techniques of intranasal corticosteroids for treating allergic rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7701-3884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corine","family":"Rollema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Medical Centre Leeuwarden  Leeuwarden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric N.","family":"van Roon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Medical Centre Leeuwarden  Leeuwarden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology and Economy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Job F. 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