{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T16:28:08Z","timestamp":1786292888669,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u03b1\u2010Gal syndrome (AGS) is an emerging tick\u2010borne disease characterised by the development of specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) antibodies against galactose\u2010\u03b1\u20101,3\u2010galactose (\u03b1\u2010gal), a carbohydrate found in most mammalian species, but not in humans. AGS occurs in individuals with a history of tick bites. Currently, no data exist on \u03b1\u2010gal sIgE seroprevalence in the Dutch population, including those with tick bites or erythema migrans (EM). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the rate of \u03b1\u2010gal sIgE seroprevalence in the Dutch population, to assess \u03b1\u2010gal sIgE seroconversion after tick bites, and to determine the relationship between EM and \u03b1\u2010gal sIgE in serum. \u03b1\u2010Gal sensitisation rates were assessed in individuals with tick bites (TB), EM, and the general population. Blood samples were collected from TB\u2010 and EM\u2010cases at baseline and again after 3\u2009months. Single blood samples from controls were selected from a Dutch population survey. In total, 156 TB\u2010cases, 160 EM\u2010cases, and 316 population controls were included. \u03b1\u2010Gal sensitisation rates were 1.9% for population controls and 10.3% and 19.1% for TB\u2010 and EM\u2010cases at baseline, respectively (cut\u2010off \u03b1\u2010gal sIgE: \u2009\u2265\u20090.10\u2009kU<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\/L). Rates increased to 17.9% for TB\u2010cases, comparable to the 16.9% for EM\u2010cases 3\u2009months after EM\u2010development. Distinct \u03b1\u2010gal sensitisation rates were observed between TB\u2010 and EM\u2010cases over a 3\u2010month period. TB\u2010cases showed a rising rate, while EM\u2010cases had elevated rates at both time points. This difference is likely due to timing of the tick bite, with TB\u2010cases having a recent bite and EM\u2010cases developing EM days to weeks post\u2010bite. Both groups had higher sensitisation rates than population controls, corroborating the link between tick bites and \u03b1\u2010gal sensitisation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.70011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T05:39:07Z","timestamp":1742449147000},"page":"350-353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Alpha\u2010Gal Sensitization Dynamics in Individuals After Tick Bites With or Without Erythema Migrans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"van Gorkom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Diakonessenhuis Hospital  Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiel","family":"Heron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Diakonessenhuis Hospital  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnetha","family":"Hofhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlijn","family":"Jongerius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Diakonessenhuis Hospital  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona R. M.","family":"van der Klis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanneke N. G.","family":"Oude Elberink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hein","family":"Sprong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven F. T.","family":"Thijsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Diakonessenhuis Hospital  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2015.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_3_1","article-title":"Het alfa\u2010galsyndroom, allergische reacties op vlees. Allergie voor zoogdierenvlees secundair aan een tekenbeet","volume":"161","author":"Berends M. A. O. E. J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12396"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185723"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12655"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.10.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16360"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12969"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; Experimental Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cea.70011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T23:59:43Z","timestamp":1745452783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cea.70011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cea.70011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cea.70011","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-7894","1365-2222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-7894","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2222","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}