{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:08:07Z","timestamp":1780362487961,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the grass flowering season, fungal spores are abundant in outdoor air. We tested for co\u2010sensitisations to grass pollen and fungal spores, assessed the degree of co\u2010exposure, and studied its impact on the nasal mycobiome and immune responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fungi\u2010specific IgE\u2010levels were studied in 277 individuals with and without grass pollen sensitisation. In a small cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097), exposure to grass pollen and fungal spores was monitored during 5 consecutive indoor and outdoor stays in a flowering meadow and correlated with changes in the nasal mycobiome. Cytokines of nasal epithelial cells were studied under stimulation with recombinant grass pollen allergens, with and without fungal spores derived from outdoor isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IgE\u2010sensitisation against the studied fungi was significantly more frequent among individuals with grass pollen sensitisation than among those without grass pollen sensitisation. Outdoor exposure resulted in changes in the nasal mycobiome, with a transitory enrichment of environmental fungi, for example,\n                      <jats:italic>Cladosporium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. Most of the fungi cultivated from outdoor air samples belonged to the genera\n                      <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Cladosporium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Apical co\u2010stimulation of nasal epithelial cells with grass pollen allergens and\n                      <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Cladosporium<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spores led to an increased loss of transepithelial electrical resistance and induction of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine release compared to mono\u2010stimulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frequent co\u2010exposure to fungal spores and grass pollen may increase the chance of acquiring a co\u2010sensitisation to both allergens. Environmental fungi interact with and transitorily change the local mycobiome. Under co\u2010exposure, fungal spores induce nasal inflammation and foster immune responses to otherwise poorly immunogenic pollen allergens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.70216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T01:14:17Z","timestamp":1768612457000},"page":"617-628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Walk in the Park: Influence of Natural Co\u2010Exposure to Grass Pollen and Fungal Spores on Nasal Mycobiome and Cytokine Responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Annika","family":"Eggestein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and Integrative Health, University Hospital Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg  Augsburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Munich  Neuherberg 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivien","family":"Leier\u2010Wirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and Integrative Health, University Hospital Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg  Augsburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swetlana","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and Integrative Health, University Hospital Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg  Augsburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Munich  Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e4rbel","family":"Foesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis Helmholtz Munich  Neuherberg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz 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Biology National and Kapodistrian University of Athens  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6173-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Reiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and Integrative Health, University Hospital Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg  Augsburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Munich  Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Schwierzeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and Integrative Health, University Hospital Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg  Augsburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"H\u00fclp\u00fcsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental 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