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VLPs, which are non\u2010infectious nanoparticles displaying antigens in repetitive arrays, efficiently activate B cells and antigen\u2010presenting cells, leading to robust polyclonal IgG production. These IgG antibodies can block allergen interactions with IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils, thereby preventing degranulation and allergic symptoms. Additionally, VLPs can stimulate innate immune pathways through Toll\u2010like receptor (TLR) signalling, promoting a Th1\u2010biased immune response that further contributes to the suppression of Th2\u2010driven allergic inflammation. VLP\u2010based allergy vaccines aim to re\u2010educate the immune system, promoting allergen tolerance, stimulating anti\u2010allergen antibody responses, and thereby disrupting pathogenic pathways. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that a few low\u2010dose administrations of VLPs conjugated with allergens can shift the typical Th2\u2010biased allergic response to a non\u2010pathogenic one. Clinical trials have shown that VLP\u2010based allergy vaccines are well\u2010tolerated and can elicit allergen\u2010specific IgG antibodies in humans. However, challenges remain in ensuring consistent quality control of VLP preparations, addressing pre\u2010existing immunity to VLP carriers and validating the efficacy of single\u2010allergen approaches for complex allergens. Future research should focus on optimising VLP formulations, exploring multivalent strategies and conducting large\u2010scale clinical trials to establish the safety and effectiveness of VLP\u2010based AIT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.70242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:30:21Z","timestamp":1770942621000},"page":"597-612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["New Generation of Allergen Immunotherapy Using Virus\u2010Like Particles: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0980-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Jacquet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok 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