{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:27:16Z","timestamp":1788276436283,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/0170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/0170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001537","name":"University of Auckland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005850","name":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000294","name":"Medical Research Scotland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N013638\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013638\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["668954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["668954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004687","name":"Universidad de Murcia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower\u2010income countries have lower asthma prevalence. However, how differences in human development and inequality can explain changes in the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases is not known.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Global Asthma Network Phase I study reported prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in children (6\u20137\u2009years), adolescents (13\u201314\u2009years), and their parents\/guardians in 16, 25 and 17 countries. Gini inequality index (GinI) and human development index (HDI), together with mean annual relative humidity and temperature, and latitude, were used as potential explanatory factors of prevalence differences using meta\u2010regression models, fitted values and heatmaps of prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GinI and HDI explained some proportion of asthma prevalence variability, which was highest in children (up to ~70% for disease indicators such as current wheeze or symptoms of severe asthma) and lowest in adolescents (~22% for symptoms of severe asthma or asthma ever). Rhinoconjunctivitis prevalence variability was poorly explained by covariates (from ~53% for current rhinoconjunctivitis among children\u2014an exception\u2014to none). Eczema indicators were explained in a range from ~60% in children (current eczema symptoms and symptoms of severe eczema) to ~12% in adolescents (current eczema symptoms). Overall, heatmaps showed areas of higher prevalence in the intersection of high GinI and high HDI values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HDI and Gini explain part of the worldwide variability in the prevalence of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema. This explanatory power is highest for asthma and lowest for rhinoconjunctivitis. Lower\u2010resourced communities in highly developed countries show the greatest hazard, particularly for asthma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.70355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:51:48Z","timestamp":1780631508000},"page":"1048-1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Worldwide Impact of Human Development and Inequality on the Prevalence of Asthma, Rhinoconjunctivitis and Eczema. Global Asthma Network's Ecological Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0925-3851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Marcos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Units Virgen De la Arrixaca University Children's Hospital, University of Murcia, and IMIB Bio\u2010Medical Research Institute  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen\u2010Yuan","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease  Paris France"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Innes","family":"Asher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy B.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"El Sony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiological Laboratory (Epi\u2010Lab) for Public Health, Research and Development  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Refiloe","family":"Masekela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Bissell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eamon","family":"Ellwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Ellwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Strachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute St George's, University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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