{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T01:02:20Z","timestamp":1789952540923,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTG2668 \u2010 Project A3, Project\u2010ID: 435874434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTG2668 \u2010 Project A3, Project\u2010ID: 435874434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wheat allergy dependent on augmentation factors (WALDA) represents the most common form of IgE\u2010mediated wheat allergy in adults. Although \u03c95\u2010gliadin is the major allergen in WALDA, sIgE reactivity to non\u2010gluten wheat proteins remains poorly characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum samples from 54 adults with challenge\u2010confirmed WALDA and 21 tolerant controls (including 5 with positive sIgE to \u03c95\u2010gliadin) from two German centres were analysed for sIgE reactivity to 19 recombinant wheat proteins and the cross\u2010reactive carbohydrate determinant (CCD) MUXF3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      sIgE to \u03b1\u2212\/\u03b2\u2010gliadin (Tri a 21.0101) was highly specific for WALDA, present in 29\/54 patients (53.7%) but absent in controls (100% specificity,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed excellent discriminatory ability (area under the curve\u2009=\u20090.85) with an optimal cut\u2010off of 0.22 kU\/l. Reactivity to non\u2010gluten wheat proteins was limited, with 24.1% of patients showing sIgE to thioredoxin, 11.3% to dehydrin, 9.3% to any \u03b1\u2010amylase\/trypsin inhibitor subunit, and minimal sIgE to non\u2010specific lipid transfer proteins (Tri a 14), thiol reductase, triosephosphate isomerase, peroxiredoxin, serpin, glyceraldehyde\u20103\u2010phosphate dehydrogenase, serine protease inhibitor\u2010like allergen, and peroxidase. Non\u2010gluten reactivity correlated strongly with MUXF3 CCD (\u03c1\u2009=\u20090.776), total IgE (\u03c1\u2009=\u20090.646), and wheat extract sIgE (\u03c1\u2009=\u20090.534; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Grass pollen\u2010sensitized individuals showed increased non\u2010gluten protein reactivity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Controls demonstrated higher MUXF3 CCD reactivity (38.1% vs. 11.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data suggest that WALDA is characterized by highly specific reactivity to gliadin proteins, with limited sensitization to non\u2010gluten wheat components. sIgE to \u03b1\u2212\/\u03b2\u2010gliadin represents a promising diagnostic biomarker with superior specificity compared with \u03c95\u2010gliadin alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.70429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:46:30Z","timestamp":1789130790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High Specificity of\n                    <scp>sIgE<\/scp>\n                    to \u03b1\u2212\/\u03b2\u2010Gliadin and Limited Reactivity to Non\u2010Gluten Proteins in Wheat Allergy Dependent on Augmentation Factors (\n                    <scp>WALDA<\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6019-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Faihs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health TUM University Hospital Rechts der Isar  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0334-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Schusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology Charit\u00e9 \u2010 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9203-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Kugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health TUM University Hospital Rechts der Isar  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5352-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilo","family":"Biedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health TUM University Hospital Rechts der Isar  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6315-120X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Raulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance Institute of the Ruhr\u2010Universit\u00e4t Bochum (IPA), Competence Centre Allergology\/Immunology Bochum  Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3449-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margitta","family":"Worm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology Charit\u00e9 \u2010 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2775-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut","family":"Brockow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine and Health TUM University Hospital Rechts der Isar  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre Odense University Hospital  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5014-4112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance Institute of the Ruhr\u2010Universit\u00e4t Bochum (IPA), Competence Centre Allergology\/Immunology Bochum  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