{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T18:12:44Z","timestamp":1769105564397,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]],"date-time":"2013-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nutricia Ireland Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Coeliac disease is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy that develops in genetically susceptible individuals. The disease exhibits many features of an autoimmune disorder. These include the production of highly specific anti-endomysial autoantibodies directed against the enzyme tissue transglutaminase. It is well accepted that wheat-, barley- and rye-based foods should be excluded in the gluten-free diet. Although several studies report that oats ingestion is safe in this diet, the potential toxicity of oats remains controversial. In the current study, 46 coeliac patients ingested oats for 1 year and were investigated for a potential immunogenic or toxic effect. Stringent clinical monitoring of these patients was performed and none experienced adverse effects, despite ingestion of a mean of 286\u2009g of oats each week. Routine histological analysis of intestinal biopsies showed improvement or no change in 95% of the samples examined. Furthermore, tissue transglutaminase expression in biopsy samples, determined quantitatively using the IN Cell Analyzer, was unchanged. Employing immunohistochemistry, oats ingestion was not associated with changes in intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers or with enterocyte proliferation as assessed by Ki-67 staining. Finally, despite the potential for tissue transglutaminase to interact with oats, neither endomysial nor tissue transglutaminase antibodies were generated in any of the patients throughout the study. To conclude, this study reaffirms the lack of oats immunogenicity and toxicity to coeliac patients. It also suggests that the antigenic stimulus caused by wheat exposure differs fundamentally from that caused by oats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,24]],"date-time":"2012-10-24T22:59:31Z","timestamp":1351119571000},"page":"313-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Immunological indicators of coeliac disease activity are not altered by long-term oats challenge"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"S E J","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N P","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B M","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Abuzakouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histopathology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C F","family":"Feighery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071600","article-title":"Celiac disease","volume":"357","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7204.236","article-title":"Fortnightly review: coeliac disease","volume":"319","author":"Feighery","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0003","first-page":"1123","article-title":"When is a coeliac a coeliac? Report of a working group of the United European Gastroenterology Week in Amsterdam, 2001","volume":"13","author":"United European Gastroenterology","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0004","first-page":"305","article-title":"Cereal proteins and coeliac disease","volume-title":"Coeliac disease","author":"Shewry","year":"1992"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199510193331602","article-title":"A comparison of diets with and without oats in adults with celiac disease","volume":"333","author":"Janatuinen","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7068.1300","article-title":"Absence of oats toxicity in adult coeliac disease","volume":"313","author":"Srinivasan","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.109003","article-title":"A trial of oats in children with newly diagnosed celiac disease","volume":"137","author":"Hoffenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.026948","article-title":"Oats to children with newly diagnosed coeliac disease: a randomised double blind study","volume":"53","author":"Hogberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310007783","article-title":"Effect of an oats-containing gluten-free diet on symptoms and quality of life in coeliac disease. A randomized study","volume":"39","author":"Peraaho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802014858","article-title":"Unkilned and large amounts of oats in the coeliac disease diet: a randomized, controlled study","volume":"43","author":"Kemppainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02908.x","article-title":"Oats in the treatment of childhood coeliac disease: a 2-year controlled trial and a long-term clinical follow-up study","volume":"23","author":"Holm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.11.1649","article-title":"Oats induced villous atrophy in coeliac disease","volume":"52","author":"Lundin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0010001","article-title":"The molecular basis for oat intolerance in patients with celiac disease","volume":"1","author":"Arentz-Hansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2006.045443","article-title":"Coeliac disease and oats: a systematic review","volume":"82","author":"Haboubi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520600863944","article-title":"Can oats be taken in a gluten-free diet? A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Garsed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199811000-00004","article-title":"Diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy: is exclusive reliance on histology appropriate?","volume":"10","author":"Feighery","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0017","first-page":"136","article-title":"Mucosal pathology in gluten sensitivity","volume-title":"Coeliac disease","author":"Marsh","year":"1995"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-9038-4","article-title":"Increased protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases -1, -3, and -9 and TIMP-1 in patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy","volume":"51","author":"Mohamed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0019","first-page":"258","article-title":"The use of Cellomics to study enterocyte cytoskeletal proteins in coeliac disease patients","volume":"3","author":"Mohamed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Biol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.11.1515","article-title":"Dose dependent effects of protracted ingestion of small amounts of gliadin in coeliac disease children: a clinical and jejunal morphometric study","volume":"34","author":"Catassi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520600842245","article-title":"No observed local immunological response at cell level after five years of oats in adult coeliac disease","volume":"42","author":"Kemppainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03052.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of coeliac mucosa following ingestion of oats","volume":"144","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.3.418","article-title":"FAS engagement drives apoptosis of enterocytes of coeliac patients","volume":"48","author":"Maiuri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/00129039-200409000-00003","article-title":"Immunohistologic parameters in minimal morphologic change duodenal biopsies from patients with clinically suspected gluten-sensitive enteropathy","volume":"12","author":"Settakorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-9821-5","article-title":"The absence of a mucosal lesion on standard histological examination does not exclude diagnosis of celiac disease","volume":"53","author":"Mohamed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1999.277.1.C1","article-title":"Myofibroblasts. I. Paracrine cells important in health and disease","volume":"277","author":"Powell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520410003597","article-title":"Intestinal tissue transglutaminase in coeliac disease of children and adults: ultrastructural localization and variation in expression","volume":"39","author":"Skovbjerg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-009-0832-9","article-title":"Tissue transglutaminase expression in celiac mucosa: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"455","author":"Gorgun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2006.05.021","article-title":"Transglutaminase 2 in the enterocytes is coeliac specific and gluten dependent","volume":"38","author":"Biagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-004-0094-4","article-title":"Tissue transglutaminase in normal and abnormal wound healing: review article","volume":"26","author":"Verderio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2008","article-title":"Transglutaminases and disease: lessons from genetically engineered mouse models and inherited disorders","volume":"89","author":"Iismaa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000084235","article-title":"Transglutaminases in wound healing and inflammation","volume":"38","author":"Verderio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Exp Tumor Res"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.11.017","article-title":"Transglutaminase II interacts with rac1, regulates production of reactive oxygen species, expression of snail, secretion of Th2 cytokines and mediates in vitro and in vivo allergic inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-003-0440-0","article-title":"Nuclear factor kappa B is activated in small intestinal mucosa of celiac patients","volume":"81","author":"Maiuri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"2021122009523315900_cei12014-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)01204-6","article-title":"Characterization of cereal toxicity for celiac disease patients based on protein homology in grains","volume":"125","author":"Vader","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcei.12014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/171\/3\/313\/41788749\/cei12014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/171\/3\/313\/41788749\/cei12014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T16:26:16Z","timestamp":1641054376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article\/171\/3\/313\/6420925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cei.12014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2249","0009-9104"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2249","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0009-9104","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]]}}}