{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:07:45Z","timestamp":1758816465903,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]],"date-time":"2013-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"CONICET","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PIP6067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP6067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006449","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n A.J. Roemmers","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In Argentina, more than 3 million people suffer from asthma, with numbers rising. When asthma patients acquire viral infections which, in turn, trigger the asthmatic response, they may develop subsequent bacterial infections, mainly by Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae. This encapsulated Gram+ bacterium has been considered historically a T cell-independent antigen. Nevertheless, several papers describe the role of T cells in the immune response to S.\u2009pneumoniae. We evaluated the response to S.\u2009pneumoniae and compared it to the response to Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis, a different type of bacterium that requires a T helper type 1 (Th1) response, in cells from atopic asthmatic children, to compare parameters for the same individual under exacerbation and in a stable situation whenever possible. We studied asthma patients and a control group of age-matched children, evaluating cell populations, activation markers and cytokine production by flow cytometry, and cytokine concentration in serum and cell culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No differences were observed in \u03b3\u03b4 T cells for the same patient in either situation, and a tendency to lower percentages of CD4+CD25hi T cells was observed under stability.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>A significantly lower production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 and a significantly higher production of interleukin (IL)-5 was observed in asthma patients compared to healthy individuals, but no differences could be observed for IL-4, IL-13 or IL-10. A greater early activation response against M.\u2009tuberculosis, compared to S.\u2009pneumoniae, was observed in the asthmatic patients' cells. This may contribute to explaining why these patients frequently acquire infections caused by the latter bacterium and not the former.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T12:56:01Z","timestamp":1359636961000},"page":"92-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Immune response to <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i> in asthma patients: comparison between stable situation and exacerbation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Otero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Response to Human Infections Laboratory, IMEX-CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R D","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Hospital de Ni\u00f1os Ricardo Guti\u00e9rrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Galassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Response to Human Infections Laboratory, IMEX-CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Bezrodnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Hospital de Ni\u00f1os Ricardo Guti\u00e9rrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M R","family":"Finiasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Response to Human Infections Laboratory, IMEX-CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Response to Human Infections Laboratory, IMEX-CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x","article-title":"The \u2018hygiene hypothesis\u2019 for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update","volume":"160","author":"Okada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.59.061506.154139","article-title":"T cells and NKT cells in the pathogenesis of asthma","volume":"59","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2737","article-title":"The airway epithelium in asthma","volume":"18","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.010908.163200","article-title":"Immunobiology of asthma","volume":"71","author":"Hamid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2731","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune responses in asthma","volume":"18","author":"Holgate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044113","article-title":"Asthma as a risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease","volume":"352","author":"Talbot","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07953-9","article-title":"Frequency, severity, and duration of rhinovirus infections in asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"359","author":"Corne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1462","article-title":"Role of deficient type III interferon-lambda production in asthma exacerbations","volume":"12","author":"Contoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2768","article-title":"Viral infections and atopy in asthma pathogenesis: new rationales for asthma prevention and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Holt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0579-4","article-title":"Antibody and cell-mediated immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for vaccine development","volume":"88","author":"Malley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8258","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8258","article-title":"A novel ICOS-independent, but CD28- and SAP-dependent, pathway of T cell-dependent, polysaccharide-specific humoral immunity in response to intact Streptococcus pneumoniae versus pneumococcal conjugate vaccine","volume":"181","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.11.5551","article-title":"The mechanism underlying T cell help for induction of an antigen-specific in vivo humoral immune response to intact Streptococcus pneumoniae is dependent on the type of antigen","volume":"168","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838484","article-title":"B and CD4+ T-cell expression of TLR2 is critical for optimal induction of a T-cell-dependent humoral immune response to intact Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"38","author":"Vasilevsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)01926-3","article-title":"Distinct types of T-cell help for the induction of a humoral immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"22","author":"Snapper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.12.006","article-title":"The innate immune response to pneumococcal lung infection: the untold story","volume":"25","author":"Kadioglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05286-11","article-title":"Human monocytes promote Th1 and Th17 responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"79","author":"Olliver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.04.005","article-title":"Immune regulation of gammadelta T cell responses in mycobacterial infections","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737216","article-title":"Evidence for the involvement of lung-specific gammadelta T cell subsets in local responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection","volume":"37","author":"Kirby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/01.all.0000200502.69672.44","article-title":"Inhibition of the allergic response by regulatory T cells","volume":"6","author":"Stock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711795328346","article-title":"The role of cytokines in atopic asthma","volume":"18","author":"Finiasz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.4.1787","article-title":"Cutting edge: antibody production to pneumococcal polysaccharides requires CD1 molecules and CD8+ T cells","volume":"174","author":"Kobrynski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01033.x","article-title":"Epithelial cells and airway diseases","volume":"242","author":"Proud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02971.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of asthma","volume":"38","author":"Holgate","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2010.08.002","article-title":"Virus\/allergen interactions and exacerbations of asthma","volume":"30","author":"Kloepfer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.58","article-title":"Management of bacterial infections in children with asthma","volume":"7","author":"Korppi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1086\/605023","article-title":"T cell memory response to pneumococcal protein antigens in an area of high pneumococcal carriage and disease","volume":"200","author":"Mureithi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020015","article-title":"Are anticapsular antibodies the primary mechanism of protection against invasive pneumococcal disease?","volume":"2","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7043","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.7043-7046.2005","article-title":"Antibodies to conserved pneumococcal antigens correlate with, but are not required for, protection against pneumococcal colonization induced by prior exposure in a mouse model","volume":"73","author":"Trzcinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/587315","article-title":"Gammadelta T cells cross-link innate and adaptive immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"2011","author":"Meraviglia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001963","article-title":"CD8+ cells enhance resistance to pulmonary serotype 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice","volume":"186","author":"Weber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03329.x","article-title":"The levels of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in paediatric patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma","volume":"148","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02241.x","article-title":"CD4+CD25(high) Treg cells in peripheral blood during remission and exacerbation of allergic asthma in children","volume":"100","author":"Pumputiene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00431-10","article-title":"Inhibition of T cells provides protection against early invasive pneumococcal disease","volume":"78","author":"LeMessurier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pe14","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2001825","article-title":"CD69: an unexpected regulator of TH17 cell-driven inflammatory responses","volume":"4","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8203","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900646","article-title":"CD69 controls the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation","volume":"183","author":"Miki-Hosokawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/606139","article-title":"Cytokine production by peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in atopic childhood asthma","volume":"2010","author":"Machura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2011.26.4.367","article-title":"Recent advances in mechanisms and treatments of airway remodeling in asthma: a message from the bench side to the clinic","volume":"26","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63297-8","article-title":"Evaluation of Th1\/Th2 ratio and cytokine production profile during acute exacerbation and convalescence in asthmatic children","volume":"86","author":"Kuo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1999.00481.x","article-title":"Induction of phagocyte-stimulating and Th1-promoting cytokines by in vitro stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"49","author":"Arva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.05.011","article-title":"Increased interleukin-4 and decreased interferon-\u03b3 levels in serum of children with asthma","volume":"55","author":"Lama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.03992.x","article-title":"Prediction of asthma exacerbations in children: results of a one-year prospective study","volume":"42","author":"Robroeks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-016923","article-title":"Mucosal but not peripheral FOXP3+ regulatory T cells are highly increased in untreated HIV infection and normalize after suppressive HAART","volume":"108","author":"Epple","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021122009554290100_cei12082-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200310-1416OC","article-title":"Increased interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interferon-gamma in airway CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in atopic asthma","volume":"171","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcei.12082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/173\/1\/92\/41787692\/cei12082.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/173\/1\/92\/41787692\/cei12082.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T16:24:30Z","timestamp":1641054270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article\/173\/1\/92\/6420953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cei.12082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2249","0009-9104"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-2249"},{"type":"print","value":"0009-9104"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]}}}