{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T21:46:14Z","timestamp":1759009574814,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]],"date-time":"2013-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN266200400084C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN266200400084C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Anthrax is a toxin-mediated disease, the lethal effects of which are initiated by the binding of protective antigen (PA) with one of three reported cell surface toxin receptors (ANTXR). Receptor binding has been shown to influence host susceptibility to the toxins. Despite this crucial role for ANTXR in the outcome of disease, and the reported immunomodulatory consequence of the anthrax toxins during infection, little is known about ANTXR expression on human leucocytes. We characterized the expression levels of ANTXR1 (TEM8) on human leucocytes using flow cytometry. In order to assess the effect of prior toxin exposure on ANTXR1 expression levels, leucocytes from individuals with no known exposure, those exposed to toxin through vaccination and convalescent individuals were analysed. Donors could be defined as either \u2018low\u2019 or \u2018high\u2019 expressers based on the percentage of ANTXR1-positive monocytes detected. Previous exposure to toxins appears to modulate ANTXR1 expression, exposure through active infection being associated with lower receptor expression. A significant correlation between low receptor expression and high anthrax toxin-specific interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 responses was observed in previously infected individuals. We propose that there is an attenuation of ANTXR1 expression post-infection which may be a protective mechanism that has evolved to prevent reinfection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]],"date-time":"2013-02-20T10:35:58Z","timestamp":1361356558000},"page":"84-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exposure to anthrax toxin alters human leucocyte expression of anthrax toxin receptor 1"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"R J","family":"Ingram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Medicine Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London"},{"name":"Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Medicine Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Ascough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Medicine Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Metan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Erciyes University Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Doganay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Erciyes University Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Ballie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E D","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science Technology Laboratory, Salisbury"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Dyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science Technology Laboratory, Salisbury"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J H","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Sriskandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Medicine Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D M","family":"Altmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Medicine Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122009555892400_cei12090-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2003.12.001","article-title":"The roles of anthrax toxin in pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Moayeri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021122009555892400_cei12090-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/385833a0","article-title":"Crystal structure of the anthrax toxin protective antigen","volume":"385","author":"Petosa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021122009555892400_cei12090-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401506101","article-title":"Crystal structure of the von Willebrand factor A domain of human capillary morphogenesis protein 2: an anthrax toxin 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