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Previous work has demonstrated that non-obese diabetic (NOD).B6 Idd10\/Idd18 infected with Novosphingobium aromaticivorans developed liver lesions similar to human PBC. It was postulated that the biliary disease was dependent upon the presence of the unique N. aro glycosphingolipids in activating natural killer T (NK T) cells. To address this issue, we infected NOD.B6 Idd10\/Idd18 mice with either Escherichia coli, N. aro or use of a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) vehicle control and serially followed animals for the appearance of liver pathology and anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA). Of striking importance, the biliary disease of E. coli-infected mice was more severe than N. Aro-infected mice and the titre of AMA was higher in E. coli-infected mice. Furthermore, the immunopathology did not correlate with the ability of bacterial extracts to produce antigen-dependent activation of NK T cells. Our data suggest that the unique glycosphingolipids of N. aro are not required for the development of autoimmune cholangitis. Importantly, the data highlight the clinical significance of E. coli infection in a genetically susceptible host, and we suggest that the appearance of autoimmune cholangitis is dependent upon molecular mimicry. These data highlight that breach of tolerance to PDC-E2 is probably the first event in the natural history of PBC in genetically susceptible hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]],"date-time":"2013-10-15T12:09:27Z","timestamp":1381838967000},"page":"192-201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    infection induces autoimmune cholangitis and anti-mitochondrial antibodies in non-obese diabetic (NOD).B6 (\n                    <i>Idd10\/Idd18<\/i>\n                    ) mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"J J","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G-X","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W C","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Tsuneyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Kronenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J L","family":"V\u00e9la","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Lopez-Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunologia, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X-S","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W M","family":"Ridgway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P S C","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M E","family":"Gershwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111804104828200_cei12224-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.4.2.239","article-title":"Environmental factors and the induction of autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"4","author":"Selmi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin 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