{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:15:44Z","timestamp":1779930944866,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2797,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk of osteoporosis increases in inflammatory disorders. In cell-mediated immune activation, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 stimulates macrophage release of neopterin and increases the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), thereby stimulating tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway. Plasma levels of neopterin and the kynurenine\/tryptophan ratio (KTR) are thus markers of IFN-\u03b3-mediated inflammation. Several kynurenine pathway metabolites (kynurenines) possess immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between markers of IFN-\u03b3-mediated inflammation and kynurenines with bone mineral density (BMD). The community-based Hordaland Health Study (HUSK), with middle-aged (46\u201349 years) and older (71\u201374 years) participants, was conducted from 1998 to 2000 (n\u2009=\u20095312). Hip BMD in relation to neopterin, KTR and kynurenines were investigated, using linear and logistic regression analyses. In the oldest group, neopterin (P\u2009\u2264\u20090\u00b7019) and KTR (P\u2009\u2264\u20090\u00b7001) were associated inversely with BMD after multiple adjustment. Comparing the highest to the lowest quartiles, the odds ratios of low BMD (being in the lowest quintile of BMD) in the oldest cohort were for neopterin 2\u00b701 among men and 2\u00b734 among women (P\u2009\u2264\u20090\u00b7007) and for KTR 1\u00b780 for men and 2\u00b704 for women (P\u2009\u2264\u20090\u00b7022). Xanthurenic acid was associated positively with BMD in all sex and age groups while 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid was associated positively with BMD among women only (P\u2009\u2264\u20090\u00b7010). In conclusion, we found an inverse association between BMD and markers of IFN-\u03b3-mediated inflammation in the oldest participants. BMD was also associated with two kynurenines in both age groups. These results may support a role of cell-mediated inflammation in bone metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]],"date-time":"2014-02-17T06:22:17Z","timestamp":1392618137000},"page":"452-460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Interferon (IFN)-\u03b3-mediated inflammation and the kynurenine pathway in relation to bone mineral density: the Hordaland Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"E M","family":"Apalset","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C G","family":"Gjesdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P M","family":"Ueland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8","family":"Midttun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bevital A\/S, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Ulvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bevital A\/S, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G E","family":"Eide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bevital A\/S, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G S","family":"Tell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0568","article-title":"Bone loss in inflammatory disorders","volume":"201","author":"Hardy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01658","article-title":"Osteoclast differentiation and activation","volume":"423","author":"Boyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2452","article-title":"Evidence for osteocyte regulation of bone homeostasis through RANKL expression","volume":"17","author":"Nakashima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/46303","article-title":"Activated T cells regulate bone loss and joint destruction in adjuvant arthritis through osteoprotegerin ligand","volume":"402","author":"Kong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30074","article-title":"IFN-gamma stimulates osteoclast formation and bone loss in vivo via antigen-driven T cell activation","volume":"117","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(90)90055-K","article-title":"Properties of four acute phase proteins: C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, and fibrinogen","volume":"20","author":"Schultz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34474","article-title":"Association between bone mineral density and C-reactive protein in a large population-based sample","volume":"64","author":"de Pablo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1840-5","article-title":"Higher circulating hsCRP levels are associated with lower bone mineral density in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: evidence for a link between systemic inflammation and osteoporosis","volume":"16","author":"Koh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2007.06.002","article-title":"Relationship of circulating total homocysteine and C-reactive protein to trabecular bone in postmenopausal women","volume":"10","author":"Bhupatihiraju","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.22.2495","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and risk of nontraumatic fractures in the Bruneck study","volume":"166","author":"Schett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0011","first-page":"329","article-title":"Relationship of C-reactive protein and bone mineral density in community-dwelling elderly females","volume":"97","author":"Ganesan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411010120020301","article-title":"Involvement of T-lymphocytes in periodontal disease and in direct and indirect induction of bone resorption","volume":"12","author":"Taubman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.2.113","article-title":"Interleukin 7 stimulates tumour necrosis factor alpha and Th1 cytokine production in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"62","author":"van Roon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1402.068","article-title":"T cells: unexpected players in the bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency and in basal bone homeostasis","volume":"1116","author":"Weitzmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0038","article-title":"Osteoimmunology: interactions of the bone and immune system","volume":"29","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.160.1.310","article-title":"Immune response-associated production of neopterin. Release from macrophages primarily under control of interferon-gamma","volume":"160","author":"Huber","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073514","article-title":"Potential regulatory function of human dendritic cells expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"297","author":"Munn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2005.06.013","article-title":"Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation","volume":"364","author":"Schrocksnadel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0019","first-page":"873","article-title":"Decreased serum tryptophan in patients with HIV-1 infection correlates with increased serum neopterin and with neurologic\/psychiatric symptoms","volume":"3","author":"Fuchs","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.4.1242","article-title":"Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: a mechanism of the antitumor activity of interferon gamma","volume":"85","author":"Ozaki","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.12.5529","article-title":"IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial response. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-deficient mutant host cells no longer inhibit intracellular Chlamydia spp. or Toxoplasma growth","volume":"150","author":"Thomas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(03)00072-3","article-title":"Tolerance, DCs and tryptophan: much ado about IDO","volume":"24","author":"Grohmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711795656054","article-title":"Induction of regulatory T cells by dendritic cells through indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: a potent mechanism of acquired peripheral tolerance","volume":"18","author":"Trabanelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0752-7","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism, from nutrition to potential therapeutic applications","volume":"41","author":"Le Floc'h","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.9.1363","article-title":"Inhibition of T cell proliferation by macrophage tryptophan catabolism","volume":"189","author":"Munn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.37","article-title":"Cell-based immunotherapy with mesenchymal stem cells cures bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw-like disease in mice","volume":"25","author":"Kikuiri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9316-6","article-title":"Osteoimmunology: crosstalk between the immune and bone systems","volume":"29","author":"Nakashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.09.120","article-title":"Regulatory T cells as a potent target for controlling bone loss","volume":"402","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.08.022","article-title":"Plasma level of neopterin as a marker of disease activity in treated rheumatoid arthritis patients: association with gender, disease activity and anti-CCP antibody","volume":"17","author":"Arshadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0030","first-page":"1935","article-title":"Increased degradation of tryptophan in blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Schroecksnadel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03480.x","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity is increased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and predicts disease activation in the sunny season","volume":"150","author":"Pertovaara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02889.x","article-title":"Mechanisms dependent on tryptophan catabolism regulate immune responses in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Pertovaara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.219329","article-title":"Systemic markers of interferon-gamma-mediated immune activation and long-term prognosis in patients with stable coronary artery disease","volume":"31","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1591(02)00006-5","article-title":"Neopterin production, tryptophan degradation, and mental depression \u2013 what is the link?","volume":"16","author":"Widner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020200014","article-title":"Increased neopterin production and tryptophan degradation in advanced Parkinson's disease","volume":"109","author":"Widner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2006.04490.x","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolism in patients with osteoporosis after 2 years of drug treatment","volume":"33","author":"Forrest","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070210","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B 12 and the risk of hip fracture: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study","volume":"22","author":"Gjesdal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26531","article-title":"Dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients as predictors of plasma choline and betaine in middle-aged and elderly men and women","volume":"88","author":"Konstantinova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4013","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of biomarkers related to B-vitamin status, tryptophan metabolism and inflammation in human plasma by liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"23","author":"Midttun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.174490","article-title":"Kinetic modeling of storage effects on biomarkers related to B vitamin status and one-carbon metabolism","volume":"58","author":"Hustad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1573-2","article-title":"Femoral and whole-body bone mineral density in middle-aged and older Norwegian men and women: suitability of the reference values","volume":"15","author":"Gjesdal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","article-title":"A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group","volume":"130","author":"Levey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000229521.95384.7d","article-title":"Bone biology and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis","volume":"18","author":"Russell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05356.x","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, age-associated neuroendocrine disorders, and dysregulation of tryptophan\u2013kynurenine metabolism","volume":"1199","author":"Oxenkrug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03325.x","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme activity correlates with risk factors for atherosclerosis: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study","volume":"148","author":"Pertovaara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12092","article-title":"A community-based study on determinants of circulating markers of cellular immune activation and kynurenines: the Hordaland Health Study","volume":"173","author":"Theofylaktopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03166.x","article-title":"The activity of the immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is decreased in smokers","volume":"145","author":"Pertovaara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_48","article-title":"Kidney and liver kynurenine pathway enzymes in chronic renal failure","volume":"527","author":"Tankiewicz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(98)00090-5","article-title":"Risk factors in osteoporosis","volume":"30","author":"Kanis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2004.02.007","article-title":"Increasing production of homocysteine and neopterin and degradation of tryptophan with older age","volume":"37","author":"Frick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2062","article-title":"Osteoimmunology: shared mechanisms and crosstalk between the immune and bone systems","volume":"7","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00337.x","article-title":"Interplay between interferon and other cytokine systems in bone metabolism","volume":"208","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.350","article-title":"Interferon-gamma plays a role in bone formation in vivo and rescues osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice","volume":"26","author":"Duque","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-19-28","article-title":"The relationship between osteoclastogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic pro-inflammatroy cyokines differs in human osteoporotic and osteoarthritic bone tissues","volume":"19","author":"Zupan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.05.008","article-title":"Neopterin, a prognostic marker in human malignancies","volume":"287","author":"Sucher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3109\/10408369209114604","article-title":"The role of neopterin as a monitor of cellular immune activation in transplantation, inflammatory, infectious, and malignant diseases","volume":"29","author":"Fuchs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-003-1181-9","article-title":"Potential role of immune system activation-associated production of neopterin derivatives in humans","volume":"52","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2009.06.007","article-title":"Inflammation, cancer and bone loss","volume":"9","author":"Abu-Amer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.05.048","article-title":"The tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid plays anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective roles during inflammation: role of hemeoxygenase-1","volume":"179","author":"Krause","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-18-7","article-title":"System in biology leading to cell pathology: stable protein-protein interactions after covalent modifications by small molecules or in transgenic cells","volume":"18","author":"Malina","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-1-7","article-title":"Pathological apoptosis by xanthurenic acid, a tryptophan metabolite: activation of cell caspases but not cytoskeleton breakdown","volume":"1","author":"Malina","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMC Physiol"},{"key":"2021122010034895200_cei12288-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.262","article-title":"The unitary model for estrogen deficiency and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis: is a revision needed?","volume":"26","author":"Khosla","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcei.12288","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcei.12288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/176\/3\/452\/41789120\/cei12288.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/176\/3\/452\/41789120\/cei12288.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1688984127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article\/176\/3\/452\/6421150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cei.12288","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2249","0009-9104"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2249","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0009-9104","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]}}}