{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:06:56Z","timestamp":1791187616199,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]],"date-time":"2014-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008392","name":"Danish Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09-066031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09-066031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008392","name":"Danish Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12-124330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-124330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008392","name":"Danish Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10-081986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10-081986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008267","name":"Kong Christian IX","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003035","name":"Aase og Ejnar Danielsens Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dronning Louises Jubil\u00e6umslegat"},{"name":"The Foundation for the Advancement of Medical Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The innate immune system has been recognized to play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, both by stimulating protective activities and through a contribution to chronic immune activation, the development of immunodeficiency and progression to AIDS. A role for DNA sensors in HIV recognition has been suggested recently, and the aim of the present study was to describe the influence of HIV infection on expression and function of intracellular DNA sensing. Here we demonstrate impaired expression of interferon-stimulated genes in responses to DNA in peripheral blood monuclear cells from HIV-positive individuals, irrespective of whether patients receive anti-retroviral treatment. Furthermore, we show that expression levels of the DNA sensors interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase were increased in treatment-naive patients, and for IFI16 expression was correlated with high viral load and low CD4 cell count. Finally, our data demonstrate a correlation between IFI16 and CD38 expression, a marker of immune activation, in CD4+ central and effector memory T cells, which may indicate that IFI16-mediated DNA sensing and signalling contributes to chronic immune activation. Altogether, the present study demonstrates abnormal expression and function of cytosolic DNA sensors in HIV patients, which may have implications for control of opportunistic infections, chronic immune activation and T cell death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]],"date-time":"2014-03-05T10:08:45Z","timestamp":1394014125000},"page":"295-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Innate DNA sensing is impaired in HIV patients and IFI16 expression correlates with chronic immune activation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"S K","family":"Nissen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J F","family":"H\u00f8jen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K L D","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Kofod-Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R K","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S R","family":"Paludan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"\u00d8stergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M R","family":"Jakobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Tolstrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T H","family":"Mogensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6189183","article-title":"Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"220","author":"Barre-Sinoussi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328354622a","article-title":"The evolving epidemiology of HIV\/AIDS","volume":"26","author":"De Cock","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61578-0","article-title":"WHO's new HIV guidelines: opportunities and challenges","volume":"382","author":"Mayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-7-54","article-title":"Innate immune recognition and activation during HIV infection","volume":"7","author":"Mogensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040874","article-title":"CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"200","author":"Brenchley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/373123a0","article-title":"Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection","volume":"373","author":"Ho","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002620","article-title":"Regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-dependent HIV-1 transcription reveals a new role for NFAT5 in the toll-like receptor pathway","volume":"8","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6849","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.15.6849-6855.2000","article-title":"Cathepsin G, a neutrophil-derived serine protease, increases susceptibility of macrophages to acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","volume":"74","author":"Moriuchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0009","first-page":"13","article-title":"Reactivation of latent human immunodeficiency virus 1 by human herpesvirus 6 infection","volume":"51","author":"Isegawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1101","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus-mediated enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 production in monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"199","author":"Lathey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01502.x","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae effectively blocks HIV-1 replication by eliciting a potent TLR9-dependent interferon-alpha response from plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"12","author":"Dobson-Belaire","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.08.011","article-title":"Innate immune recognition of HIV-1","volume":"37","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328353e46b","article-title":"Innate immunity in the control of HIV\/AIDS: recent advances and open questions","volume":"26","author":"Ploquin","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.08.015","article-title":"Chronic innate immune activation as a cause of HIV-1 immunopathogenesis","volume":"126","author":"Boasso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2012.03.012","article-title":"IFN-alpha and TRAIL: a double edge sword in HIV-1 disease?","volume":"318","author":"Gougeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1380","article-title":"Pathogenesis of HIV infection: what the virus spares is as important as what it destroys","volume":"12","author":"Grossman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.06.004","article-title":"Nonprogressive and progressive primate immunodeficiency lentivirus infections","volume":"32","author":"Brenchley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1086\/649430","article-title":"Immunologic and virologic events in early HIV infection predict subsequent rate of progression","volume":"201","author":"Ganesan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0019","first-page":"206","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of asymptomatic chronic HIV infection: the calm before the storm. Curr Opin HIV","volume":"4","author":"Ford","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1871","article-title":"Divergent TLR7 and TLR9 signaling and type I interferon production distinguish pathogenic and nonpathogenic AIDS virus infections","volume":"14","author":"Mandl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000008","article-title":"The 2013 WHO guidelines for antiretroviral therapy: evidence-based recommendations to face new epidemic realities","volume":"8","author":"Doherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141053","article-title":"T cell dynamics in HIV-1 infection","volume":"21","author":"Douek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.004","article-title":"Immune sensing of DNA","volume":"38","author":"Paludan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06013","article-title":"DAI (DLM-1\/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response","volume":"448","author":"Takaoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1932","article-title":"IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA","volume":"11","author":"Unterholzner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2091","article-title":"The helicase DDX41 senses intracellular DNA mediated by the adaptor STING in dendritic cells","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07725","article-title":"AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC","volume":"458","author":"Hornung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","article-title":"Cyclic GMP\u2013AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway","volume":"339","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08476","article-title":"STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity","volume":"461","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0031","first-page":"1971","volume-title":"Field's virology","author":"Freed","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093620","article-title":"Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via Toll-like receptor 7 and 8","volume":"303","author":"Heil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2004","article-title":"Sex differences in the Toll-like receptor-mediated response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to HIV-1","volume":"15","author":"Meier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7658","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.12.7658","article-title":"Single-stranded RNA derived from HIV-1 serves as a potent activator of NK cells","volume":"178","author":"Alter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1858","article-title":"HIV-1 exploits innate signaling by TLR8 and DC-SIGN for productive infection of dendritic cells","volume":"11","author":"Gringhuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01635-10","article-title":"RIG-I-mediated anti-viral signaling is inhibited in HIV-1 infection by a protease-mediated sequestration of RIG-I","volume":"85","author":"Solis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29291","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029291","article-title":"Genomic HIV RNA induces innate immune responses through RIG-I-dependent sensing of secondary-structured RNA","volume":"7","author":"Berg","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1941","article-title":"The cytosolic exonuclease TREX1 inhibits the innate immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.11.001","article-title":"Abortive HIV infection mediates CD4 T cell depletion and inflammation in human lymphoid tissue","volume":"143","author":"Doitsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240933","article-title":"Cyclic GMP\u2013AMP synthase is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses","volume":"341","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4571","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311669110","article-title":"IFI16 senses DNA forms of the lentiviral replication cycle and controls HIV-1 replication","volume":"110","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S297","DOI":"10.1086\/655657","article-title":"Innate immune activation in primary HIV-1 infection","volume":"202","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200203080-00010","article-title":"Parallel decline of CD8+\/CD38++ T cells and viraemia in response to quadruple highly active antiretroviral therapy in primary HIV infection","volume":"16","author":"Tilling","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13778","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250472097","article-title":"Impact of HIV-1 infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy on the kinetics of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell turnover in HIV-infected patients","volume":"97","author":"Lempicki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03501","article-title":"Massive infection and loss of memory CD4+ T cells in multiple tissues during acute SIV infection","volume":"434","author":"Mattapallil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0331-y","article-title":"The role of innate immunity in HBV infection","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7000","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600363103","article-title":"Differential expression of IFN-alpha and TRAIL\/DR5 in lymphoid tissue of progressor versus nonprogressor HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"103","author":"Herbeuval","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.09.016","article-title":"HIV-1 immunopathogenesis: how good interferon turns bad","volume":"123","author":"Herbeuval","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12229","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01311-09","article-title":"Elevated levels of innate immune modulators in lymph nodes and blood are associated with more-rapid disease progression in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected monkeys","volume":"83","author":"Durudas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0050","first-page":"3544","article-title":"Nonpathogenic SIV infection of African green monkeys induces a strong but rapidly controlled type I IFN response","volume":"119","author":"Jacquelin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8180","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00421-07","article-title":"MyD88-dependent immune activation mediated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1-encoded Toll-like receptor ligands","volume":"81","author":"Meier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12067","article-title":"Defective dendritic cell response to Toll-like receptor 7\/8 agonists in perinatally HIV-infected children","volume":"69","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2887","article-title":"Impaired restoration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in HIV-1-infected patients with poor CD4 T cell reconstitution is associated with decrease in capacity to produce IFN-alpha but not proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"181","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834d697f","article-title":"HIV-1 induces NALP3-inflammasome expression and interleukin-1beta secretion in dendritic cells from healthy individuals but not from HIV-positive patients","volume":"26","author":"Pontillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0302","article-title":"Urcuqui-Inc: up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 in dendritic cells in response to HIV type 1 and coinfection with opportunistic pathogens","volume":"27","author":"Hernandez","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10395","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00849-09","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mediates global disruption of innate anti-viral signaling and immune defenses within infected cells","volume":"83","author":"Doehle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7160","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00526-13","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpu does not degrade interferon regulatory factor 3","volume":"87","author":"Hotter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2174\/157016211795569078","article-title":"Antiretroviral treatment of HIV infection does not influence HIV-specific immunity but has an impact on non-specific immune activation","volume":"9","author":"Bartovska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200205010-00005","article-title":"Impact of suppression of viral replication by highly active antiretroviral therapy on immune function and phenotype in chronic HIV-1 infection","volume":"30","author":"Lange","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200009080-00007","article-title":"Immunological benefits of antiretroviral therapy in very early stages of asymptomatic chronic HIV-1 infection","volume":"14","author":"Plana","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318289bced","article-title":"Persisting inflammation and chronic immune activation but intact cognitive function in HIV-infected patients after long-term treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"63","author":"Pedersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199612005-00004","article-title":"The role of immunologic and viral markers in predicting clinical outcome in HIV infection","volume":"10","author":"Graham","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243640","article-title":"IFI16 DNA sensor is required for death of lymphoid CD4 T cells abortively infected with HIV","volume":"343","author":"Monroe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12769","article-title":"HIV-1 evades innate immune recognition through specific cofactor recruitment","volume":"503","author":"Rasaiyaah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.11.002","article-title":"The capsids of HIV-1 and HIV-2 determine immune detection of the viral cDNA by the innate sensor cGAS in dendritic cells","volume":"39","author":"Lahaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-002-0485-0","article-title":"Expression of IFI 16 in epithelial cells and lymphoid tissues","volume":"119","author":"Wei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244040","article-title":"Pivotal roles of cGAS\u2013cGAMP signaling in anti-viral defense and immune adjuvant effects","volume":"341","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021122010060416100_cei12317-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1864","article-title":"The AIM2 inflammasome is essential for host defense against cytosolic bacteria and DNA viruses","volume":"11","author":"Rathinam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcei.12317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/177\/1\/295\/41792844\/cei12317.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/177\/1\/295\/41792844\/cei12317.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T16:26:12Z","timestamp":1641054372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article\/177\/1\/295\/6421308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cei.12317","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9104","1365-2249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9104","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]]}}}