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Current treatment options have relatively limited efficacy; therefore, novel targets need to be explored. The co-inhibitory molecule, B7x, a new member of the B7 family expressed predominantly by non-lymphoid tissues, has been shown to inhibit the proliferation, activation and functional responses of CD4 and CD8 T cells. In this study, we found that B7x was expressed by intrinsic renal cells, and was up-regulated upon stimulation with inflammatory triggers. After passive administration of antibodies against glomerular antigens, B7x\u2212\/\u2212 mice developed severe renal injury accompanied by a robust adaptive immune response and kidney up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, as well as local infiltration of T cells and macrophages. Furthermore, macrophages in the spleen of B7x\u2212\/\u2212 mice were polarized to an inflammatory phenotype. Finally, treatment with B7x-immunoglobulin (Ig) in this nephritis model decreased kidney damage and reduced local inflammation. We propose that B7x can modulate kidney damage in autoimmune diseases including lupus nephritis and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Thus, B7x mimetics may be a novel therapeutic option for treatment of immune-mediated kidney disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,10]],"date-time":"2014-09-10T09:59:07Z","timestamp":1410343147000},"page":"329-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["B7x\/B7-H4 modulates the adaptive immune response and ameliorates renal injury in antibody-mediated nephritis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"R D","family":"Pawar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Goilav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, 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