{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T08:02:07Z","timestamp":1748592127040,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]],"date-time":"2015-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007499","name":"Foundation \u2018Cassa di Risparmio di Puglia\u2019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["510201104001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["510201104001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007499","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007076","name":"Italian Foundation for Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005362","name":"University of Bari","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00474712Ricat"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00474712Ricat"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunoglobulin variable region heavy chain (IgVH) somatic gene diversification is instrumental in the transformation process that characterizes hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. However, the extent to which activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an enzyme essential for IgV gene somatic hypermutation (SHM), is active in cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis (CV) remains unclear. AID mRNA expression in the peripheral blood of 102 chronically hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients (58 with and 44 without CV) and 26 healthy subjects was investigated using real-time reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2013PCR). The features of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) protein and mRNA transcripts were explored in liver tissue biopsies and portal tracts isolated using laser capture microdissection. In chronically HCV-infected patients, AID mRNA expression was almost threefold higher in those with than in those without CV and sevenfold higher than in healthy subjects (median-fold: 6\u00b768 versus 2\u00b754, P = 0\u00b703 and versus 0\u00b795, P = 0\u00b70003). AID transcript levels were significantly higher in polyclonal than in clonally restricted B cell preparations in either CV or non-CV patients (median-fold, 15\u00b70 versus 2\u00b770, P = 0\u00b7009 and 3\u00b746 versus 1\u00b758, P = 0\u00b702, respectively). AID gene expression was found to be related negatively to age and virological parameters. AID protein was found in portal tracts containing inflammatory cells that, in several instances, expressed AID mRNA transcripts. Our data indicate that the aberrant expression of AID may reflect continuous B cell activation and sustained survival signals in HCV-related CV patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]],"date-time":"2015-07-29T01:24:56Z","timestamp":1438133096000},"page":"323-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Activation-induced cytidine deaminase in B cells of hepatits C virus-related cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Russi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Dammacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Sansonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Pavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Sansonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122010180521200_cei12690-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00945029","article-title":"The etiology and pathophysiology of mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"19","author":"Agnello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Springer Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2021122010180521200_cei12690-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360621","article-title":"Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans","volume":"36","author":"El-Serag","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2021122010180521200_cei12690-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70053-0","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus, cryoglobulinaemia, and vasculitis: immune complex 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