{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:19:11Z","timestamp":1792513151395,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2184,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Membranous nephropathy (MN), the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, is characterized by the deposition of subepithelial immune deposits that consist mainly of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and complement. Most of the cases are primary or idiopathic (iMN), while only approximately 25% of the cases are secondary to some known disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis B, drugs and malignancies. Most of our knowledge on the pathogenesis of iMN has relied upon old experimental models (i.e. Heymann nephritis) that have shown that immune deposits are formed in situ by the reaction of autoantibodies against the respective podocyte antigen. Recent findings indicate that podocyte proteins also act as an autoantigen in human iMN. The M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) has been identified as the main target antigen, as it can be found in approximately 70% of iMN patients but only rarely in other glomerulonephritides. Podocytes damage in the experimental model of Heymann nephritis is complement-mediated. In humans, the presence of complement within the subepithelial deposits is well established, but IgG4, which does not activate complement by classical or alternative pathways, represents the predominant subclass of IgG anti-PLA2R. Some evidence suggests that IgG4 anti-PLA2R autoantibodies can bind mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and activate the lectin complement pathway. A genetic background for iMN has been demonstrated by genome-wide association studies that have shown highly significant associations of the PLA2R1 and the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1 loci with iMN. In addition to their diagnostic value, anti-PLA2R antibodies may be useful to monitor disease activity and predict response to treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T15:27:40Z","timestamp":1444750060000},"page":"157-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Immunology of membranous nephropathy: from animal models to humans"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"R A","family":"Sinico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit and Renal Unit, Institute of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Mezzina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit and Renal Unit, Institute of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Trezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Polo Universitario Luigi Sacco, Rheumatology Unit, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GM","family":"Ghiggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Radice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit and Renal Unit, Institute of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111804090350500_cei12729-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1987.179","article-title":"Epidemiology of idiopathic glomerular disease: a prospective study","volume":"32","author":"Tiebosch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021111804090350500_cei12729-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70316-7","article-title":"Distribution of primary renal diseases leading to end-stage renal failure in the United States, Europe, and Australia\/New Zealand: results from an international comparative study","volume":"35","author":"Maisonneuve","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2021111804090350500_cei12729-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000183018","article-title":"Clinical membranous nephropathy","volume":"34","author":"Mallick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2021111804090350500_cei12729-bib-0004","article-title":"Heptinstall\u2019s pathology of the kidney","author":"Jennette","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021111804090350500_cei12729-bib-0005","first-page":"145","article-title":"Pathology of membranous nephropathy","author":"Ehrenreich","year":"1968"},{"key":"2021111804090350500_cei12729-bib-0006","article-title":"Comprehensive clinical nephrology","author":"Floege","year":"2010","edition":"4th"},{"key":"2021111804090350500_cei12729-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-6386(95)90097-7","article-title":"Tubulointerstitial lesions in human membranous glomerulonephritis: relationship to proteinuria","volume":"25","author":"Magil","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2021111804090350500_cei12729-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009080861","article-title":"Grupo de Estudio de las Enfermedades Glomerulares de la Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Nefrolog\u00eda. 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