{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:22:04Z","timestamp":1790630524021,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]],"date-time":"2016-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) causes significant morbidity and mortality on a global scale. The African region has 24% of the world's TB cases. TB overlaps with other infectious diseases such as malaria and HIV, which are also highly prevalent in the African region. TB is a leading cause of death among HIV-positive patients and co-infection with HIV and TB has been described as a syndemic. In view of the overlapping epidemiology of these diseases, it is important to understand the dynamics of the immune response to TB in the context of co-infection. We investigated the cytokine response to purified protein derivative (PPD) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from TB patients co-infected with HIV or malaria and compared it to that of malaria- and HIV-free TB patients. A total of 231 subjects were recruited for this study and classified into six groups; untreated TB-positive, TB positive subjects on TB drugs, TB- and HIV-positive, TB- and malaria-positive, latent TB and apparently healthy control subjects. Our results demonstrate maintenance of interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 production in HIV and malaria co-infected TB patients in spite of lower CD4 counts in the HIV-infected cohort. Malaria co-infection caused an increase in the production of the T helper type 2 (Th2)-associated cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in PPD-stimulated cultures. These results suggest that malaria co-infection diverts immune response against M. tuberculosis towards a Th-2\/anti-inflammatory response which might have important consequences for disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,31]],"date-time":"2016-08-31T17:43:12Z","timestamp":1472665392000},"page":"259-268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Modulation of the immune response to<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>during malaria\/<i>M. tuberculosis<\/i>co-infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"R C","family":"Chukwuanukwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C C","family":"Onyenekwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Martinez-Pomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G I","family":"Amilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N R","family":"Agbakoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J O","family":"Okoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120808025370200_cei12861-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-16-6-285","article-title":"CD4+ T-lymphopenia in HIV negative tuberculosis patients at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Al-Aska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"2021120808025370200_cei12861-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00030","article-title":"Within the enemy's camp: contribution of the granuloma to the dissemination, persistence and transmission 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