{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:40:37Z","timestamp":1783489237907,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,31]],"date-time":"2018-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Patients with recurrent miscarriage (RM) show up-regulated cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells that are suspected to play a causal role in abortion. In the present study, we investigated counter-regulating inhibitory mechanisms and compared the results in RM patients with those of healthy controls (HC), patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and kidney transplant recipients late post-transplant (TX). NK, NK\u00a0T and T cell subsets were analysed in the peripheral blood of 31 RM, 14 female ESRD and nine female TX patients as well as 21 female HC using eight-colour fluorescence flow cytometry. Compared with HC, RM patients showed significantly higher absolute numbers of CD56+ NK cells co-expressing the phenotype interferon (IFN)-\u03b3R+, IL-4+, transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2+, IL-4+ human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR)+, TGF-\u03b2+HLA-DR+, IL-4+TGF-\u03b2+, IL-4+TGF-\u03b2\u2212, IFN-\u03b3+ and\/or IL-10\u2212IFN-\u03b3+ (all P \u2264 0\u00b701), more IL-17+CD56bright (P\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7028) NK cells and more CD56dimCD16+ NK cells co-expressing IFN-\u03b3R, IFN-\u03b3, IL-4 and\/or TGF-\u03b2 (all P\u00a0\u2264\u00a00\u00b701). When the same cell subsets were analysed in ESRD or TX patients, cytokine-producing NK cell subsets were not significantly different from those of HC. RM patients showed significantly higher absolute numbers of CD158a+, CD158b+, CD158a\u2212CD158e+ (all P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00\u00b705), NKG2D+NKG2A+, NKG2D +NKG2A\u2212, NKG2D+ and\/or NKG2A+ (all P\u00a0\u2264\u00a00\u00b701) CD56+ NK cells and higher CD158a+, CD158b+ (all P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00\u00b705), NKG2D+ and\/or NKG2A+ (all P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00\u00b701) CD56dim+CD16+ NK cells than HC. In contrast, ESRD patients had normal and TX recipients had lower CD158a+ and NKG2D+NKG2A\u2212CD56+ NK cells and lower CD158a+CD56dim+CD16+ NK cells (all P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00\u00b705) than HC. RM patients have abnormally high circulating NK cells expressing inhibitory cytokines and inhibitory surface receptors which might contribute to the pathogenesis of RM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,21]],"date-time":"2018-04-21T14:06:18Z","timestamp":1524319578000},"page":"241-254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Increased natural killer cell subsets with inhibitory cytokines and inhibitory surface receptors in patients with recurrent miscarriage and decreased or normal subsets in kidney transplant recipients late post-transplant"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"L","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Nephrology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Karakizlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Weimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Morath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R J","family":"Kuon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Ekpoom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Opelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8345-1031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 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