{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T02:09:34Z","timestamp":1773972574610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007660","name":"University of Antwerp","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0409.12N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0409.12N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012220","name":"Hercules Foundation \u2013 Belgium","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pathogen exposure, including but not limited to herpesviruses, moulds the shape of the immune system, both at a basal state and in response to immune challenge. However, little is known about the impact of high exposure to other viruses on baseline immune signatures and how the immune system copes with repetitive exposures to maintain a balanced functionality. Here we investigated baseline immune signatures, including detailed T cell phenotyping, antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and cytokine profile in paediatric (PED) nurses, who have high occupational exposure to viral pathogens including varicella zoster virus (VZV) and respiratory viruses, and in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses, as a control group with infrequent occupational exposure. Our results show a lower CD4+ T cell response to two VZV proteins (IE62 and gE) and to tetanus toxoid (TT) in PED nurses who are cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative, compared to CMV-seronegative NICU nurses, and that the decline might be more pronounced the more sustained the exposure. This decline might be due to an attrition of VZV- and TT-specific T cells as a result of the continuous pressure on the CD4+ T cell compartment. Moreover, our data suggest that the distinct T cell phenotypes known to be associated with CMV-seropositivity might be less prominent in PED nurses compared to NICU nurses, implying a plausible attenuating effect of occupational exposure on CMV-associated immunosenescence. Overall, this pilot study reveals an impact of occupational exposure to viral pathogens on CD4+ T cell immunity and supports further investigation in a larger cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T06:51:40Z","timestamp":1533624700000},"page":"192-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Altered CD4+ T cell immunity in nurses occupationally exposed to viral pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"G","family":"Elias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Souquette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Heynderickx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I","family":"De Meester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Jansens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Beutels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination (CEV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Smits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P G","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Van Tendeloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Ogunjimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120808501892000_cei13193-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00982","article-title":"Immunobiography and the heterogeneity of immune 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