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The GIT microbiota in preterm infants is determined by the method of delivery and nutrition. Probiotics can improve the GIT microbiota balance and suitable animal models are required to verify their harmlessness. Preterm gnotobiotic piglets were colonized with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) to evaluate its safety and possible protective action against infection with an enteric pathogen, Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). Clinical signs (anorexia, somnolence, fever and diarrhea), bacterial interference and translocation, intestinal histopathology, transcriptions of claudin-1, occludin and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, intestinal and systemic protein levels of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-12\/23 p40 and IFN-\u03b3 were compared among (i) germ-free, (ii) LGG-colonized, (iii) ST-infected and (iv) LGG-colonized and subsequently ST-infected piglets for 24 h. Both LGG and ST-colonized the GIT; LGG translocated in some cases into mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen but did not cause bacteremia and clinical changes. ST caused clinical signs of gastroenteritis, translocated into mesenteric lymph nodes, the spleen, liver and blood, increased claudin-1 and IFN-\u03b3 transcriptions, but decreased occludin transcription and increased local and systemic levels of IL-8 and IL-12\/23 p40. Previous colonization with LGG reduced ST colonization in the jejunum and translocation into the liver, spleen and blood. It partially ameliorated histopathological changes in the intestine, reduced IL-8 levels in the jejunum and plasma and IL-12\/23 p40 in the jejunum. The preterm gnotobiotic piglet model of the vulnerable preterm immunocompromised infant is useful to verify the safety of probiotics and evaluate their protective effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T14:25:14Z","timestamp":1542119114000},"page":"381-394","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Colonization of preterm gnotobiotic piglets with probiotic<i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/i>GG and its interference with<i>Salmonella<\/i>Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Splichalova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Jenistova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z","family":"Splichalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3665-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I","family":"Splichal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121023230049600_cei13236-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000705","article-title":"Outcomes for extremely premature infants","volume":"120","author":"Glass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2021121023230049600_cei13236-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004","article-title":"Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life","volume":"17","author":"Backhed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2021121023230049600_cei13236-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2010.03.020","article-title":"Programming infant gut microbiota: influence of dietary and environmental factors","volume":"21","author":"Marques","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"2021121023230049600_cei13236-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-1","article-title":"Microbes in the neonatal intensive care unit resemble those found in the gut of premature infants","volume":"2","author":"Brooks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2021121023230049600_cei13236-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-017-0043-3","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of neonatal nosocomial infections","volume":"3","author":"Ramasethu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121023230049600_cei13236-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2015.02.005","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis","volume":"25","author":"Bedford Russell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2021121023230049600_cei13236-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32835fb8bf","article-title":"Early life response to infection","volume":"26","author":"Ghazal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121023230049600_cei13236-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document. 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