{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:00:54Z","timestamp":1790874054248,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that strongly reduces the quality of life in patients; However, no disease-modifying therapy is available. For a long time, OA was considered a non-inflammatory disease that was the result of \u2018wear-and-tear\u2019 and abnormal mechanics, and therefore many considered the term \u2018osteoarthritis\u2019 a misnomer. However, during the last decades the notion arose that inflammation is not only present in the majority of OA patients but, rather, actively involved in the progression of the disease. Influx of immune cells is observed in the synovium and a plethora of inflammatory mediators is present in tissues and fluids from OA patients. These mediators cause the production of degrading enzymes that break down the cartilage matrix, which is the main hallmark of OA. Alarmins, which belong to the group of danger signals, have been implicated in many inflammatory diseases. They are among the first factors to be released upon cell stress due to, for example, infection, damage and inflammation. They attract and activate cells of the immune system and therefore lie at the base of the inflammatory reaction. In this narrative review, an overview of the history of OA, the evolving concept of inflammation as important factor in the OA pathogenesis, and particularly the central role that alarmins play in the initiation and maintenance of the low-grade inflammatory response in OA, is provided. Moreover, the targeting of alarmins as a promising approach to dampen the inflammation in OA is highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T08:26:53Z","timestamp":1542097613000},"page":"153-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Inflammation in osteoarthritis: is it time to dampen the alarm(in) in this debilitating disease?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8074-826X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M H J","family":"van den Bosch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121023243999000_cei13237-bib-0001","volume-title":"Chronic Rheumatic Conditions","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2021121023243999000_cei13237-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"386","author":"Global Burden of Disease Study C","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121023243999000_cei13237-bib-0003","first-page":"376","article-title":"Clinical aspects, pathology and pathophysiology of osteoarthritis","volume":"6","author":"Goldring","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"2021121023243999000_cei13237-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp051726","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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