{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:48:54Z","timestamp":1788554934023,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The impact of countries\u2019 bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination policies on the course of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak is a curiosity. In this study, the relationship between BCG vaccination status and severity of COVID-19 pneumonia and the factors affecting disease severity were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2020 in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia, confirmed by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 polymerase chain reaction positivity in a nasopharyngeal sample and pulmonary infiltrates in computed chest tomography, in a state hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. Socio-demographic features, body mass index, smoking status, concomitant diseases, income rates and BCG vaccination status of subjects were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study population comprised 123 adults with COVID-19 pneumonia [mean age\u00a0=\u00a049\u00b77 years, standard deviation\u00a0=\u00a013\u00b73 years; 82 (66\u00b77%) male]. While the rate of cases vaccinated with BCG is lower (68\u00b75 versus 88\u00b72%, P\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7026), mean age (54\u00b70\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011\u00b75 years versus 38\u00b73\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010\u00b77 years; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00\u00b7001), diabetes (32\u00b76 versus 5\u00b79%, P\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7002) and low income (84\u00b73 versus 52\u00b79%, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00\u00b7001) are higher in patients with severe disease compared to those with mild disease. According to multivariate analysis increasing age [odds ratio (OR)\u00a0=\u00a01\u00b7119; 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0= 1\u00b7062\u20131\u00b7178, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00\u00b7001] and low income (OR\u00a0=\u00a03\u00b7209; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01\u00b7008\u201310\u00b7222, P\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7049) are associated with severe disease in COVID-19 pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study reveals that BCG vaccination is not associated with disease severity in COVID-19 pneumonia. Age and low income are the main determinants of severe COVID-19 pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T05:23:02Z","timestamp":1598592182000},"page":"220-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Factors determining COVID-19 pneumonia severity in a country with routine BCG vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6195-1158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K","family":"Aksu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Chest Diseases, University of Health Sciences Atat\u00fcrk Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Naziro\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pendik State Hospital, Chest Diseases 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