{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:06:12Z","timestamp":1790676372483,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":177,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014461","name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust\/Institute of Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014461","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UKRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) has been associated with both transient and\u00a0persistent\u00a0systemic symptoms that do not appear to be\u00a0a direct consequence of viral infection. The generation of autoantibodies has been proposed as a mechanism to explain these symptoms. To understand the prevalence of autoantibodies associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\u00a0(SARS-CoV-2) infection,\u00a0we investigated the frequency and specificity of clinically relevant autoantibodies in 84 individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, suffering from COVID-19 of varying severity in both the acute and convalescent setting. These were compared with results from 32 individuals who were on the intensive therapy unit (ITU) for non-COVID reasons. We demonstrate\u00a0a higher frequency of autoantibodies in the COVID-19 ITU group compared with non-COVID-19 ITU disease control patients\u00a0and that autoantibodies were also found in the\u00a0serum\u00a03\u20135 months post-COVID-19 infection.\u00a0Non-COVID patients displayed a diverse pattern of autoantibodies; in contrast, the COVID-19 groups had a more restricted panel of autoantibodies including skin, skeletal muscle and cardiac antibodies. Our results demonstrate that respiratory viral infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with the detection of a limited profile of tissue-specific autoantibodies, detectable using routine clinical immunology assays. Further studies are required to determine whether these autoantibodies are specific to SARS-CoV-2 or a phenomenon arising from severe viral infections and to determine the clinical significance of these autoantibodies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T23:33:10Z","timestamp":1622763190000},"page":"99-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Establishing the prevalence of common tissue-specific autoantibodies following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"205","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2885-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex G","family":"Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian M","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abid","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Birch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sian E","family":"Faustini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lora","family":"Steadman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerensa","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Plant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonny","family":"Veenith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam F","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T","family":"Drayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C","family":"Wraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, 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