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Early recognition of NMOSD is important because of differing responses to both acute and preventive therapy. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has proved essential in this process. Key MR imaging clues to the diagnosis of NMOSD are longitudinally extensive lesions of the optic nerve (more than half the length) and spinal cord (three or more vertebral segments), bilateral optic nerve lesions and lesions of the optic chiasm, area postrema, floor of the IV ventricle, periaqueductal grey matter, hypothalamus and walls of the III ventricle. Other NMOSD-specific lesions are denoted by their unique morphology: heterogeneous lesions of the corpus callosum, \u2018cloud-like\u2019 gadolinium (Gd)-enhancing white matter lesions and \u2018bright spotty\u2019 lesions of the spinal cord. Other lesions described in NMOSD, including linear periventricular peri-ependymal lesions and patch subcortical white matter lesions, may be less specific. The use of advanced MR imaging techniques is yielding further useful information regarding focal degeneration of the thalamus and optic radiation in NMOSD and suggests that paramagnetic rim patterns and changes in normal appearing white matter are specific to MS. MR imaging is crucial in the early recognition of NMOSD and in directing testing for AQP4 antibodies and guiding immediate acute treatment decisions. Increasingly, MR imaging is playing a role in diagnosing seronegative cases of NMOSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T03:27:31Z","timestamp":1622690851000},"page":"251-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Arnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Lilley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacky","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Bhuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9429-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon A","family":"Broadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030414001602400_cei13630-bib-0001","first-page":"1033","article-title":"My\u00e9lite subaigu\u00eb compliqu\u00e9e de n\u00e9vrite optique","volume":"8","author":"Devic","year":"1894","journal-title":"Bull Med"},{"key":"2022030414001602400_cei13630-bib-0002","first-page":"434","article-title":"Acute lumbar spinal myelitis with optic neuritis, autopsy","volume":"1","author":"Devic","year":"1895","journal-title":"French Cong 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