{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T03:03:23Z","timestamp":1772161403756,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EDCTP-RegNet2015-1045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDCTP-RegNet2015-1045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cytokines are soluble mediators of the immune response, and their evolution influences the disease outcome. Gaining knowledge on cytokines has become important, as they can constitute biomarkers allowing the diagnosis of malaria and preventing severe forms of the disease. Here, we investigated 10\u00a0cytokines and their circulating levels in asymptomatic Gabonese children with Plasmodium falciparum infection living in urban, semi-urban and rural areas. Blood samples were collected from 273 schoolchildren (153 uninfected and 120 infected) aged 6 to 192\u00a0months. Hematological parameters were determined and P. falciparum diagnosis was performed using a rapid diagnosis test, microscopy and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Plasma pro- [interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12p70, IL-17A and IL-22] and anti-inflammatory [IL-10, IL-4, IL-13 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2] cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared between asymptomatic-infected and uninfected children. Results revealed that without distinction of area, IL-10 and IL-6 levels were higher in infected compared to uninfected children; however, the pro- and anti-inflammatory ratios (IL-6\/IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1\/IL-10) were similar. Furthermore, with area distinction significantly elevated levels of IL-10 in these asymptomatic children were always accompanied by either significantly low or high levels of a proinflammatory cytokine. Also, comparison between asymptomatic-infected children from the three areas showed significantly lower IL-17A, IL-22 and TGF-\u03b2 levels in urban area compared to semi-urban and rural areas. These results suggest that asymptomatic malaria infections induce significantly high inflammatory cytokine levels without modifying the balanced between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and underline the higher exposure to infections of children in rural areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T19:04:03Z","timestamp":1628363043000},"page":"395-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Inflammatory cytokine responses in children with asymptomatic malaria infection living in rural, semi-urban and urban areas in south-eastern Gabon"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"206","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5649-8061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ch\u00e9rone Nancy","family":"Mbani Mpega Ntigui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d'Evolution Epid\u00e9miologie et R\u00e9sistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon"},{"name":"Ecole Doctorale R\u00e9gionale d'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale (ECODRAC), Universit\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1689-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine Lydie","family":"Oyegue-Liabagui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d'Evolution Epid\u00e9miologie et R\u00e9sistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon"},{"name":"Ecole Doctorale R\u00e9gionale d'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale (ECODRAC), Universit\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lady Charlene","family":"Kouna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d'Evolution Epid\u00e9miologie et R\u00e9sistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl Rom\u00e9o","family":"Imboumy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d'Evolution Epid\u00e9miologie et R\u00e9sistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie Pernelle","family":"Tsafack Tegomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d'Evolution Epid\u00e9miologie et R\u00e9sistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain Prince","family":"Okouga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d'Evolution Epid\u00e9miologie et R\u00e9sistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seinnat","family":"Ontoua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d'Evolution Epid\u00e9miologie et R\u00e9sistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Bernard","family":"Lekana-Douki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d'Evolution Epid\u00e9miologie et R\u00e9sistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (USS), Libreville, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0001","volume-title":"The \u2018World Malaria Report 2019\u2019 at a glance","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0002","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2015","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.13.45","article-title":"The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission","volume":"11","author":"Lindblade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-33","article-title":"Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic rural Gabonese populations","volume":"10","author":"Nkoghe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0153899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153899","article-title":"Marked rise in the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural Gabon","volume":"11","author":"Pegha Moukandja","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0006","first-page":"193","article-title":"Malaria in Gabon: results of a clinical and laboratory study at the Chinese\u2013Gabonese Friendship Hospital of Franceville","volume":"21","author":"Lekana-Douki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sant\u00e9"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2786-y","article-title":"Evidence of asymptomatic submicroscopic malaria in low transmission areas in Belaga district, Kapit division, Sarawak, Malaysia","volume":"18","author":"Jiram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-3","article-title":"Increase in malaria prevalence and age of at risk population in different areas of Gabon","volume":"12","author":"Mawili-Mboumba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2016032","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria, prevention measures, and main clinical features in febrile children admitted to the Franceville Regional Hospital","volume":"23","author":"Maghendji-Nzondo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gabon. Parasite"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa047","article-title":"Anaemia in asymptomatic parasite carriers living in urban, rural and peri-urban settings of Gabon","volume":"114","author":"Moutongo Mouandza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.175081","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance: an overview","volume":"6","author":"Antony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0012","first-page":"9","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with malaria in Franceville","volume":"6","author":"Oyegue-Liabagui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gabon. Am J Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000900009","article-title":"Biomarkers for susceptibility to infection and disease severity in human malaria","volume":"106","author":"Andrade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.TP_66_18","article-title":"Association between inflammatory cytokine levels and anemia during Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in Mangaluru: a southwestern coastal region of India","volume":"9","author":"Punnath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00229","article-title":"The role of IL-10 in malaria: a double edged sword","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.559255","article-title":"Asymptomatic malaria infection is maintained by a balanced pro- and anti-inflammatory response","volume":"11","author":"Frimpong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004079","article-title":"Exposure-dependent control of malaria-induced inflammation in children","volume":"10","author":"Portugal","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0018","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Presented at the 3rd International Conference on Tumor Necrosis Factor and Related Cytokines, Makuhari, Chiba","author":"Grau","year":"1990"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838186","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax parasites alter the balance of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the induction of regulatory T cells","volume":"38","author":"Jangpatarapongsa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4309485","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4309485","article-title":"Cytokines as biomarkers and their respective clinical cutoff levels","volume":"2017","author":"Monastero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Inflamm"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e317430","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/317430","article-title":"Elevated levels of IL-10 and G-CSF associated with asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women","volume":"2010","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1469-1","article-title":"Malaria in urban, semi-urban and rural areas of southern of Gabon: comparison of the Pfmdr 1 and Pfcrt genotypes from symptomatic children","volume":"15","author":"Maghendji-Nzondo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1456-4","article-title":"No evidence of decline in malaria burden from 2006 to 2013 in a rural province of Gabon: implications for public health policy","volume":"15","author":"Assele","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.599","article-title":"Comparison of methods for the rapid laboratory assessment of children with malaria","volume":"65","author":"Planche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0025","first-page":"189","article-title":"Nested PCR analysis of Plasmodium parasites","volume":"72","author":"Snounou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Mol Med"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.452","article-title":"Age-dependent acquisition of protective immunity to malaria in riverine populations of the Amazon basin of Brazil","volume":"80","author":"Ladeia-Andrade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.249","article-title":"Nitric oxide, malaria, and anemia: inverse relationship between nitric oxide production and hemoglobin concentration in asymptomatic, malaria-exposed children","volume":"61","author":"Anstey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5630","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5630-5637.2004","article-title":"Serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-12(p70) in Malian children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and matched uncomplicated malaria or healthy controls","volume":"72","author":"Lyke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1916","article-title":"Interleukin-6: discovery of a pleiotropic cytokine","volume":"8","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.01.034","article-title":"The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6","volume":"1813","author":"Scheller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(02)00210-9","article-title":"The two faces of IL-6 on Th1\/Th2 differentiation","volume":"39","author":"Diehl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00533-16","article-title":"Cytokine profiles in Malawian children presenting with uncomplicated malaria, severe malarial anemia, and cerebral malaria","volume":"24","author":"Mandala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0658-7","article-title":"Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection in children is associated with increased auto-antibody production, high IL-10 plasma levels and antibodies to merozoite surface protein 3","volume":"14","author":"Guiyedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.21705\/mcbs.v3i1.37","article-title":"The relationship of hemoglobin, interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in asymptomatic malaria patients in Trenggalek, Jawa Timur, Indonesia","volume":"3","author":"Nurdianto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biomed Sci"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003864","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003864","article-title":"IFN\u03b3\/IL-10 Co-producing cells dominate the CD4 Response to malaria in highly exposed children","volume":"10","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003778","article-title":"Filarial infection suppresses malaria-specific multifunctional Th1 and Th17 responses in malaria and filarial coinfections","volume":"186","author":"Metenou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol 1950"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055756","article-title":"Cytokine and antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum in na\u00efve individuals during a first malaria episode: effect of age and malaria exposure","volume":"8","author":"Moncunill","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1292-y","article-title":"Repeated clinical malaria episodes are associated with modification of the immune system in children","volume":"17","author":"Bediako","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1501-5","article-title":"Immune response pattern in recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"15","author":"Chaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0040","first-page":"3755","article-title":"Differential effect of IL-10 on dendritic cell-induced T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production","volume":"1993","author":"Macatonia","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8749(02)00007-2","article-title":"IL-10 alters DC function via modulation of cell surface molecules resulting in impaired T-cell responses","volume":"215","author":"McBride","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200006)30:6<1683::AID-IMMU1683>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"IL-10 directly acts on T cells by specifically altering the CD28 co-stimulation pathway","volume":"30","author":"Joss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0043","first-page":"1224","article-title":"IL-10 inhibits macrophage costimulatory activity by selectively inhibiting the up-regulation of B7 expression","volume":"151","author":"Ding","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol 1950"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/318250","article-title":"The robust and modulated biomarker network elicited by the Plasmodium vivax infection is mainly mediated by the IL-6\/IL-10 axis and is associated with the parasite load","author":"Guimar\u00e3es da Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.9.2.348-351.2002","article-title":"Role of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in immune response to uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"9","author":"Torre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00344-4","article-title":"The immune response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"2","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0047","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of malaria","author":"Doba\u00f1o","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251ra117","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009793","article-title":"Loss and dysfunction of V\u03b42+ \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are associated with clinical tolerance to malaria","volume":"6","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10624-3","article-title":"V\u03b42+ T cell response to malaria correlates with protection from infection but is attenuated with repeated exposure","volume":"7","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv600","article-title":"Frequent malaria drives progressive V\u03b42 T-cell loss, dysfunction, and CD16 up-regulation during early childhood","volume":"213","author":"Farrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0051","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum infection: molecular evidence for a suboptimal TH\u03b1\u03b2(TH9) and TH17 bias over ideal and effective traditional TH1 immunity","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Prec"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.100","article-title":"Th17 cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity against infectious diseases at the mucosa","volume":"2","author":"Khader","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95241","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095241","article-title":"Differences in innate cytokine responses between European and African children","volume":"9","author":"Labuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2022030414000205900_cei13653-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1086\/379370","article-title":"Th2 cytokines are associated with reduced worm burdens in a human intestinal helminth infection","volume":"188","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cei.13653","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cei.13653","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/206\/3\/395\/42719367\/cei13653.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/206\/3\/395\/42719367\/cei13653.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T14:01:58Z","timestamp":1646402518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article\/206\/3\/395\/6454227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cei.13653","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9104","1365-2249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9104","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]}}}