{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:05:51Z","timestamp":1787583951299,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuropathology studies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and animal models of ALS reveal a strong association between aberrant protein accumulation and motor neurone damage, as well as activated microglia and astrocytes. While the role of neuroinflammation in the pathology of ALS is unclear, imaging studies of the central nervous system (CNS) support the idea that innate immune activation occurs early in disease in both humans and rodent models of ALS. In addition, emerging studies also reveal changes in monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes in peripheral blood as well as at the neuromuscular junction. To more clearly understand the association of neuroinflammation (innate and adaptive) with disease progression, the use of biomarkers and imaging modalities allow monitoring of immune parameters in the disease process. Such approaches are important for patient stratification, selection and inclusion in clinical trials, as well as to provide readouts of response to therapy. Here, we discuss the different imaging modalities, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography as well as other approaches, including biomarkers of inflammation in ALS, that aid the understanding of the underlying immune mechanisms associated with motor neurone degeneration in ALS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T18:27:13Z","timestamp":1631471233000},"page":"301-313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Imaging immunological processes from blood to brain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"206","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6169-9845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Amor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Nutma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Marzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Puentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030414003097900_cei13660-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3109\/17482960802566824","article-title":"Prognostic factors in ALS: a critical review","volume":"10","author":"Chi\u00f2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler"},{"key":"2022030414003097900_cei13660-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806306","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/806306","article-title":"ALS and frontotemporal dysfunction: a review","volume":"2012","author":"Achi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Res Int"},{"key":"2022030414003097900_cei13660-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30089-9","article-title":"Prognosis for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: development and validation of a personalised prediction 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