{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:39:26Z","timestamp":1790141966422,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,19]],"date-time":"2013-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recently demonstrated that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a considerable reduction in the risk of autoimmune hypothyroidism, similar to findings in other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. We aimed to study a possible association between alcohol intake and autoimmune Graves\u2032 hyperthyroidism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a population\u2010based, case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a well\u2010defined Danish population (2\u00a0027\u00a0208 person\u2010years of observation), we prospectively identified patients with new overt thyroid dysfunction and studied 272 patients with Graves\u2032 hyperthyroidism. For each patient, we recruited four age\u2013gender\u2013region\u2013matched controls with normal thyroid function (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01088).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants gave detailed information on current and previous alcohol intake as well as other factors to be used for analyses. The association between alcohol intake and development of hyperthyroidism was analysed in conditional multivariate Cox regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Graves\u2032 patients had a lower reported alcohol consumption than controls (median units of alcohol (12\u00a0g) per week: 2 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 4, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b7001). In a multivariate regression model, alcohol consumption was associated with a dose\u2010dependent reduction in risk for development of overt Graves\u2032 hyperthyroidism. Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) compared with the reference group with a recent (last year) consumption of 1\u20132 units of alcohol per week were as follows: 0 units\/week 1\u00b773 (1\u00b717\u20132\u00b756), 3\u201310 units\/week 0\u00b756 (0\u00b739\u20130\u00b779), 11\u201320 units\/week 0\u00b737 (0\u00b721\u20130\u00b765), \u226521 units\/week 0\u00b722 (0\u00b708\u20130\u00b760). Similar results were found for maximum previous alcohol consumption during a calendar year. No interaction was found with the type of alcohol consumed (wine <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> beer), smoking habit, age, gender or region of inhabitancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a considerable reduction in the risk of Graves\u2032 disease with hyperthyroidism \u2013 irrespective of age and gender. Autoimmune thyroid disease seems to be much more dependent on environmental factors than hitherto anticipated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T18:46:58Z","timestamp":1353523618000},"page":"111-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Graves\u2032 hyperthyroidism and moderate alcohol consumption: evidence for disease prevention"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Allan","family":"Carl\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Medicine Aalborg Hospital Aarhus University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"B\u00fclow Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Medicine Aalborg Hospital Aarhus University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit Medical Clinic I Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Perrild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit Medical Clinic I Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Ovesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Slagelse Hospital Slagelse Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lone Banke","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Food Agriculture and Fisheries National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torben","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Aalborg Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Laurberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Medicine Aalborg Hospital Aarhus University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Aalborg Aalborg 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