{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:54:22Z","timestamp":1790747662205,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,8]],"date-time":"2013-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1365379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of asymptomatic hyperprolactinaemia has been widely studied in certain populations such as antipsychotic drugs users, infertile women or patients with primary hypothyroidism, but data on the prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia and macroprolactinaemia in the healthy population are very scarce in the literature. We aimed to obtain an unbiased estimation of the prevalence in premenopausal women of: (i) hyperprolactinaemia and (ii) its aetiology, including macroprolactinaemia and stress\u2010related hyperprolactinaemia, while considering simultaneously the use of hormonal contraceptives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three\u2010hundred and ninety\u2010three consecutive premenopausal women reporting spontaneously for blood donation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed an exhaustive clinical history and physical examination, establishing the presence of hirsutism, acne, alopecia, menstrual dysfunction and reproductive history. We also measured serum prolactin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content>) (ruling out macroprolactinaemia when indicated), thyrotrophin, total testosterone, androstendione, sex hormone binding globulin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content> concentrations were increased in 16 of 393 women (4\u00b71% prevalence, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 2\u00b71\u20136\u00b70). The prevalence of macroprolactinaemia was 0\u00b76% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0\u20131) in the total female blood donor population and was 12\u00b75% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 6\u201331) among hyperprolactinaemic patients. The remaining hyperprolactinaemic women had stress\u2010related hyperprolactinaemia as the more likely aetiology. Finally, the frequency of hyperprolactinaemia was similar in users and nonusers of hormonal contraceptives (4\u00b75% and 3\u00b79% respectively, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0\u00b7209).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in healthy female blood donors is low and is not influenced by the use of hormonal contraceptives. Pathological causes are very rare with stress\u2010related hyperprolactinaemia and macroprolactinaemia being the most frequent causes of hyperprolactinaemia in these women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,27]],"date-time":"2013-02-27T15:05:28Z","timestamp":1361977528000},"page":"545-549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in female premenopausal blood donors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Macarena","family":"Alpa\u00f1\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal &amp; Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 &amp; Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria IRYCIS Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas CIBERDEM Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Sanch\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal &amp; Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 &amp; Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria IRYCIS Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00aa \u00c1ngeles","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal &amp; Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 &amp; Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria IRYCIS Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas CIBERDEM Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal &amp; Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 &amp; Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria IRYCIS Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor F.","family":"Escobar\u2010Morreale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal &amp; 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