{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:22:19Z","timestamp":1780104139553,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]],"date-time":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pubertal gynaecomastia is a very common condition. Although the underlying aetiology is poorly understood, it is generally accepted that excess of oestrogens and deficit of androgens are involved in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, adiposity as well as the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> axis may play a role. In this study, we elucidate the association of adiposity and levels of follicle\u2010stimulating hormone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FSH<\/jats:styled-content>), luteinizing hormone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LH<\/jats:styled-content>), sex hormone\u2010binding globulin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SHBG<\/jats:styled-content>), testosterone, oestrogen, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGFBP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 with the presence of pubertal gynaecomastia in a large cohort of healthy boys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 501 healthy <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>anish school boys (aged 6\u00b71\u201319\u00b78\u00a0year) from the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPENHAGEN P<\/jats:styled-content>uberty <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tudy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anthropometry and pubertal stages (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PH<\/jats:styled-content>1\u20106 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>1\u20105) were evaluated, and the presence of gynaecomastia was assessed. Body fat percentage was calculated by means of four skin folds and impedance. Nonfasting blood samples were analysed for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FSH<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> LH<\/jats:styled-content>, testosterone, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SHBG<\/jats:styled-content>, oestradiol, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> IGFBP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 and prolactin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that 23% (31\/133) of all pubertal boys had gynaecomastia. More specifically, 63% (10\/16) of boys in genital stage 4 had gynaecomastia. Boys with gynaecomastia had significantly higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> levels compared with controls (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I SD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010score 0\u00b772 <jats:italic>vs \u2212<\/jats:italic>0\u00b7037, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b7001). This difference was maintained after adjusting for confounders (age and pubertal stage). Sex steroid levels, oestradiol\/testosterone ratio or free testosterone were not associated with the presence of gynaecomastia with or without adjustment for confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> levels were elevated in healthy boys with pubertal gynaecomastia compared with boys without gynaecomastia, whereas sex steroid levels did not differ. We speculate that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of pubertal gynaecomastia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]],"date-time":"2013-09-13T16:12:11Z","timestamp":1379088731000},"page":"691-698","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Elevated serum <scp>IGF<\/scp>\u2010<scp>I<\/scp>, but unaltered sex steroid levels, in healthy boys with pubertal gynaecomastia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Mikkel G.","family":"Mieritz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction Rigshospitalet Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen 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