{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:57:25Z","timestamp":1791269845638,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,18]],"date-time":"2014-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cryptorchidism, the most frequent congenital malformation in full\u2010term male newborns, increases the risk of hypofertility and testicular cancer. Most cases remain idiopathic but epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested a role of both genetic and environmental factors. Physiological testicular descent is regulated by two major Leydig hormones: insulin\u2010like peptide 3 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3) and testosterone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the endocrine context at birth as a reflection of late pregnancy in isolated idiopathic cryptorchidism and to analyse the possible disruptions of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 and\/or testosterone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From a prospective case\u2013control study at Nice University Hospital, we assessed 180 boys born after 34\u00a0weeks gestation: 52 cryptorchid (48 unilateral, 4 bilateral; 26 transient, 26 persistent), and 128 controls matched for term, weight and time of birth. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 and testosterone were measured in cord blood and compared in both groups as were other components of the pituitary\u2010gonadic axis: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LH<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> HCG<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> FSH<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> AMH<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SHBG<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 was decreased in cryptorchid boys (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7031), especially transient cryptorchid (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7029), while testosterone was unchanged as were the other hormones measured. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 was significantly decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7018) in the group of 20 with nonpalpable testes compared with the group of 21 with palpable testes (15 suprascrotal, five inguinal, one high scrotal) according to Scorer classification. In the whole population, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 correlated positively with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LH<\/jats:styled-content> and negatively with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMH<\/jats:styled-content>, but with no other measured hormones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 but not testosterone is decreased at birth in idiopathic cryptorchidism, especially in transient forms. This hormonal decrease may contribute to the impaired testicular descent along with genetic and anatomical factors. Whether foetal environment (nutritional and\/or toxicological) interferes with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INSL<\/jats:styled-content>3 secretion in humans remains to be confirmed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]],"date-time":"2014-05-15T07:09:55Z","timestamp":1400137795000},"page":"242-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Cord blood Insulin\u2010like peptide 3 (<scp>INSL<\/scp>3) but not testosterone is reduced in idiopathic cryptorchidism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"F\u00e9nichel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Diabetology and Reproductive Medicine CHU Nice Nice France"},{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale UMR U1065 Universit\u00e9 Nice\u2010Sophia Antipolis Nice 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