{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:18:54Z","timestamp":1784045934243,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,29]],"date-time":"2016-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000384","name":"Higher Education Funding Council for England","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000384","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To undertake a comprehensive evaluation of apolipoprotein risk markers for cardiovascular disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>) according to gender, age and menopausal status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional analysis of independent associations of gender, age and menopause with serum apolipoproteins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Apparently healthy Caucasian premenopausal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 109) and postmenopausal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 252) women not taking oral contraceptives or hormone replacement, and Caucasian men (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 307).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum apolipoprotein (apo) B, A\u2010I and A\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> concentrations were measured, plus serum total cholesterol, low\u2010density and high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LDL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C, respectively), triglycerides, cholesterol in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDL<\/jats:styled-content> subfractions and the apoB\/apoA\u2010I, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LDL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C\/apoB, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C\/apoA\u2010I and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C\/apoA\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> ratios. Analyses were undertaken with and without standardization for confounding characteristics and in 5\u2010year age ranges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, apoB concentrations were highest in men but in women rose with age and menopause to converge, in the age range of 50\u201355 years, with concentrations in men. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LDL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C\/apoB ratio was generally higher in women than in men. ApoA\u2010I concentrations were highest in postmenopausal women and lowest in men (standardized median (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQR<\/jats:styled-content>) 144 (130, 158) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 119 (108, 132) g\/l, respectively, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b7001). ApoA\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> concentrations were also highest in postmenopausal women but were lowest in premenopausal women (40\u00b73 (37\u00b75, 44\u00b75) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 32\u00b79 (30\u00b75, 35\u00b77) g\/l, respectively, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b7001). Nevertheless, postmenopausal women had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C\/apoA\u2010I and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C\/apoA\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> ratios approaching the lowest ratios, which were seen in men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consistent with adverse effects on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content> risk, male gender, ageing in women and menopause were associated with increased apoB concentrations, and menopause and male gender were associated with a decreased cholesterol content of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDL<\/jats:styled-content> 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