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Following registration of the review protocol with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PROSPERO<\/jats:styled-content>, systematic literature searches were conducted to identify randomized and quasi\u2010randomized controlled trials assessing any degree of fluid restriction or any drug treatment with the aim of increasing serum sodium concentration in patients with chronic nonhypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia. Where appropriate, outcome data were synthesized in a meta\u2010analysis. A total of 45 716 bibliographic records were identified from the searches and 18 trials (assessing conivaptan, lixivaptan, tolvaptan and satavaptan) met the eligibility criteria. Results suggest that all four vasopressin receptor agonists (\u201cvaptans\u201d) significantly improve serum sodium concentration. Lixivaptan, satavaptan and tolvaptan were associated with greater rates of response versus placebo. There was no evidence of a difference between each of the vaptans compared with placebo for mortality, discontinuation and rates of hypernatraemia. No <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content> evidence of treatments other than the vaptans for hyponatraemia such as oral urea, salt tablets, mannitol, loop diuretics demeclocycline or lithium was identified. Vaptans demonstrated superiority over placebo for outcomes relating to serum sodium correction. Few trials documented the potential benefit of vaptans on change in health\u2010related quality of life as a result of treatment. There was also a lack of high\u2010quality <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content> evidence on the comparative efficacy of the vaptans and other treatment strategies for the treatment of chronic nonhypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,18]],"date-time":"2017-02-18T20:12:40Z","timestamp":1487448760000},"page":"761-771","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A systematic review of known interventions for the treatment of chronic nonhypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia and a meta\u2010analysis of the vaptans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Sunil","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal and Transplant Medicine Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School (HYMS) Hull UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Peri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d University of Florence Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain","family":"Cranston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Queen Alexandra Hospital Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-9952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"McCool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Health Economics Consortium University of York York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Health Economics Consortium University of York York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Glanville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Health Economics Consortium University of York York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Petrakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otsuka Pharmaceutical Europe Ltd Wexham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otsuka Pharmaceutical Europe Ltd Wexham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-1020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000086019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7543.702"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Bandolier(2007)Evidence based thinking about healthcare: Glossary\u2010Class effect. 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