{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:03:05Z","timestamp":1777942985073,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measuring testicular volume (TV) by orchidometer is the standard method of male pubertal staging. A paucity of evidence exists as to its inter\u2010 and intra\u2010observer reliability and the impact of clinicians\u2019 gender, training and experience on accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prosthetic testicular models were engineered to investigate accuracy and reliability of TV estimation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simulation study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conducted over three\u2010day 2015 British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (BSPED) meeting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred fifteen meeting delegates (161F, 54M): 50% consultants, 30% trainees, 9% clinical nurse specialists, 11% other professionals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three child\u2010sized mannequins displayed latex scrotum containing prosthetic testicles of 3, 4, 5, 10 and 20\u00a0mL. Demographic data, paediatric endocrinology experience, TV examination training, examination technique and TV estimations were collected. Delegates were asked to repeat their measurements later during the meeting. Scrotum order was changed daily.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accuracy by variance from the simulated TV. Inter\u2010 and intra\u2010observer variability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One thousand two hundred eighty four individual estimations were obtained. Eighty\u2010five participants repeated measurements. Delegates measured TV accurately on 33.4% (\u00b12.6) of occasions: overestimations 37% (\u00b12.3), underestimations 28% (\u00b11.8) (Fleiss\u2019 Kappa score 0.04). The accuracy of assessing a 4\u00a0mL testis was 36%\u201039%. Observers underestimated the volume when paired with a 3\u00a0mL testis and overestimated when paired with a 5\u00a0mL testis demonstrating a tendency impose biological symmetry. Intra\u2010observer reliability was lacking; individuals giving different estimations for the same size testicle on 61% (\u00b14.2) of occasions, 20% (\u00b13.5) of estimations were more than 1 size outside the previous measurement. On only 39% (\u00b14.2) of occasions did individuals agree with their previous estimation (irrespective of whether or not it was initially accurate). Training did not impact on results but experience did improve accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall TV estimation accuracy was poor. Considerable variation exists between and within subjects. Seniority slightly improved measurement estimation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T13:14:59Z","timestamp":1545830099000},"page":"623-629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A simulation study assessing the accuracy and reliability of orchidometer estimation of testicular volume"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2390-5593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte J.","family":"Elder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield UK"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Sheffield Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Langley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab4Living: Art and Design Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab4Living: Art and Design Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shamani","family":"De Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Sheffield Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ladan","family":"Akbarian\u2010Tefaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry K. H.","family":"Wales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univeristy of Queensland Clinical Unit Lady Cilento Children\u2019s Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil P.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Sheffield Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2394-2916.187793"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.006460"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afju.2012.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-9856-2012-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2000.00240.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-005-1470-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2006.00143.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67264-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80412-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3547752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"British Standard 903.Methods of testing vulcanised rubber Part 19 (1950) and Part A7 (1957). 1950 1957."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"EP73","article-title":"Inter and intra\u2010rater reliability of accuracy of testicular volume evaluation: a simulation study","volume":"39","author":"Elder C","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine Abstracts"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12289"}],"container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcen.13923","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cen.13923","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T01:27:55Z","timestamp":1694395675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cen.13923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cen.13923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.13923","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0664","1365-2265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0664","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-10-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-12-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}