{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:14:30Z","timestamp":1792512870761,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST) is a rare but potentially fatal condition which can initially be difficult to distinguish from the more common subacute thyroiditis (SAT). We aim to update understanding of this medical emergency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review over the past 20\u00a0years was performed on the epidemiology, clinical features, investigations, management and outcomes of AST. All full\u2010text cases of microscopy or culture\u2010 proven AST in the English literature were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>200 cases of AST have been described in 148 articles from January 2000 \u2013 January 2020. Bacterial AST is most common, often presenting with neck pain (89%) and fever (82%). Immunosuppression and pyriform sinus fistula are the most common causes, most often due to gram\u2010positive aerobes. Transient hyperthyroidism is common (42%). Aspiration and antibiotics are becoming a more common treatment. Overall mortality was 7.8%. Tuberculous and fungal AST are less likely to present with fever and neck pain. Fungal AST is more common in immunosuppressed individuals (31%) and has a high overall mortality (33%). Tuberculous AST is more common in TB endemic areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The symptoms and signs of AST commonly overlap with SAT and initially can be hard to diagnose. AST can be rapidly morbid or even fatal. Clinicians need to consider AST when they assess patients with thyroiditis who are systemically unwell, have high fever, high white cell count and c\u2010reactive protein, tender neck and abnormal neck imaging. An investigative and treatment strategy is described based on a systematic review of the literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T23:16:26Z","timestamp":1612912586000},"page":"253-264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Suppurative thyroiditis: Systematic review and clinical guidance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7101-2058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Lafontaine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Diabetes Department Eastern Health Melbourne Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Medical School University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Perth WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Learoyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Surgery Department St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Endocrine Surgery Department Austin Health Melbourne Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Endocrine Surgery Department Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Diabetes Department Eastern Health Melbourne Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"478","article-title":"Acute thyroiditis. 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