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This review summarizes the current use of molecular testing in thyroid tumours, focusing on their usefulness as diagnostic and prognostic tools to guide treatment with consideration of present limitations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Considerations about molecular testing applications for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid tumours are divided into four sections\/roles: (1) evaluating cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules; (2) guiding extent of surgery in indeterminate thyroid nodules; (3) completing histological characterization of thyroid tumours\u00a0and (4) identifying actionable mutations in advanced progressive thyroid cancers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genomic testing can improve the presurgical malignancy risk assessment in indeterminate thyroid nodules. However, a prior in\u2010depth analysis of institutional quality and outcomes of sonographical, cytological and histological characterization of thyroid tumours is necessary. Presently, it remains uncertain whether knowing the molecular profile of a cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodule might be advantageous to modify the extent of initial surgery. Molecular characterization of thyroid tumours can be a valuable adjunct to morphological diagnosis in some challenging cases, such as in low\u2010risk follicular cell\u2010derived neoplasms, or rare tumours. Finally, as selective kinase inhibitors are available, molecular testing in locally advanced\/metastatic progressive thyroid cancers should also be integrated into the institutional clinical management pathway to improve outcomes and limit toxicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Molecular testing needs to be implemented into the local evidence\u2010based clinical management thyroid nodule\/cancer pathways to improve its diagnostic and prognostic value and to optimize cost\u2010effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T09:53:47Z","timestamp":1675072427000},"page":"753-762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Clinical value of molecular markers as diagnostic and prognostic tools to guide treatment of thyroid 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