{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T03:07:35Z","timestamp":1775099255870,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,5]],"date-time":"2025-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ghrelin is emerging as a promising therapeutic option for heart failure (HF) due to its potent inotropic, anabolic, and cardioprotective properties. This review aims to critically examine the available clinical evidence on ghrelin therapy in HF, while also incorporating key findings from preclinical studies that support its therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane Library up to September 15, 2024, using the keywords \u201cheart failure\u201d and \u201cghrelin.\u201d From 247 identified records, four randomized controlled trials, one open\u2010label trial, one observational study, and key preclinical studies were included. Two independent authors performed the screening and quality assessment, with any discrepancies resolved through consensus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical trials investigating ghrelin's acute effects in HF patients have demonstrated significant improvements in cardiac output, ranging from 15% to 30%. Moreover, one study showed that a 3\u2010week course of ghrelin therapy significantly increased maximal oxygen consumption, lean body mass, and grip strength in HF patients. Preclinical studies further support these clinical findings, highlighting additional benefits of ghrelin, including modulation of the autonomic nervous system, promotion of vasodilation, enhancement of endothelial function, prevention of myocardial remodeling, reduction of arrhythmogenic risk, and increased muscle mass in HF models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ghrelin is a promising therapeutic option for HF, particularly as an inotropic agent with multifaceted benefits, including autonomic nervous system modulation, anabolic effects, and metabolic regulation. However, further trials are required to confirm its long\u2010term efficacy and safety and assess whether its benefits can translate into reductions in hard clinical endpoints.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T06:50:06Z","timestamp":1736146206000},"page":"403-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ghrelin: An Emerging Therapy for Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Theodorakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology &amp; 65+ Clinic Sismanogleio\u2010Amalia Fleming General Hospital Melissia Greece"},{"name":"School of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology Hellenic Open University Patras Greece"},{"name":"NT\u2010CardioMetabolics, Clinic for 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