{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:40:35Z","timestamp":1761896435934},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P25240\u2010B24","P28476\u2010B30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P25240\u2010B24","P28476\u2010B30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Exp Neuroim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent work from our laboratory, using different models of experimental neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMOSD<\/jats:styled-content>), has led to a number of observations that might be highly relevant for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMOSD<\/jats:styled-content> patients. For example: (i) in the presence of neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin\u00a0G, astrocyte\u2010destructive lesions can be initiated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ T\u00a0cells when these cells recognize aquaporin\u00a04 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4), but also when they recognize other antigens of the central nervous system. The only important prerequisite is that the T\u00a0cells have to be activated within the central nervous system by \u201ctheir\u201d specific antigen. Recently activated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ T\u00a0cells with yet unknown antigen specificity are also found in human <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMOSD<\/jats:styled-content> lesions. (ii) The normal immune repertoire might contain <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010specific T\u00a0cells, which are highly encephalitogenic on activation. (iii) The retina might be a primary target of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010specific T\u00a0cells and neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin\u00a0G: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010specific T\u00a0cells alone are sufficient to cause retinitis with low\u2010grade axonal pathology in the retinal nerve fiber\/ganglionic cell layer. A thinning of these layers is also observed in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMOSD<\/jats:styled-content> patients, where it is thought to be a consequence of optic neuritis. Neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin\u00a0G might target cellular processes of M\u00fcller cells and cause their loss of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4 reactivity, when <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010specific T\u00a0cells open the blood\u2013retina barrier in the outer plexiform layer. Patchy loss of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4 reactivity on M\u00fcller cells of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMOSD<\/jats:styled-content> patients has been recently described. Cumulatively, our findings in experimental <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMOSD<\/jats:styled-content> suggest that both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ T\u00a0cell and antibody responses directed against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of tissue destruction seen in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMOSD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,13]],"date-time":"2017-01-13T11:01:29Z","timestamp":1484305289000},"page":"3-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["M\u00fcller cells and retinal axons can be primary targets in experimental neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bleranda","family":"Zeka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Neuroimmunology Center for Brain 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