{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:23:46Z","timestamp":1789446226838,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]],"date-time":"2013-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, a series of compounds \u2013 miltefosine, polyhexamethylene biguanide, chlorhexidine and propamidine isethionate \u2013 and combinations of the latter three agents with miltefosine were prepared and used in a rat model for the topical treatment of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>canthamoeba<\/jats:italic> keratitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The corneas of rats were infected with <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>canthamoeba hatchetti<\/jats:italic>. On the fifth day, all corneas were microscopically examined in order to determine the grade of infections. Nine groups were then prepared: miltefosine (65.12\u2009\u03bcg\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>); chlorhexidine (0.02%); polyhexamethylene biguanide (0.02%), propamidine isethionate (0.1%), miltefosine plus chlorhexidine, miltefosine plus polyhexamethylene biguanide; miltefosine plus propamidine isethionate; infected control; and a non\u2010infected control group. The treatment was continued for 28 days. After the treatment, the corneas were excised and used for <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>canthamoeba<\/jats:italic> culture to investigate the presence of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>canthamoeba<\/jats:italic> growth. For the determination of cytotoxicity of the drugs on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>929 cells, colorimetric assays were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The best treatment results were obtained from the polyhexamethylene biguanide plus miltefosine group; the ratio of fully recovered eyes was 28.4%. It was proven that the miltefosine\u2013polyhexamethylene biguanide combination yielded the highest anti\u2010acanthamoebal activity in that approximately 86% of the eyes were cleared from amoebae. The cytotoxicity values of the miltefosine and the control groups were compared with other groups and found to be statistically different (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> study demonstrates that a miltefosine\u2013polyhexamethylene biguanide combination is highly effective for the treatment of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>canthamoeba<\/jats:italic> keratitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,22]],"date-time":"2013-04-22T11:07:09Z","timestamp":1366628829000},"page":"151-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Miltefosine and polyhexamethylene biguanide: a new drug combination for the treatment of <i><scp>A<\/scp>canthamoeba<\/i> keratitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Zubeyde A","family":"Polat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine  Sivas Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Walochnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Obwaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orphanidis Pharma Research GmbH  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse","family":"Vural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine  Sivas 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