{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T21:57:19Z","timestamp":1784671039633,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,4]],"date-time":"2013-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> injections after more than 10 consecutive years of treatment for benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective chart review at university\u2010affiliated hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study consisted of 64 patients treated with botulinum toxin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> injections between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>ctober 2005 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ay 2006.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inclusion criteria included patients treated with at least one annual botulinum toxin\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> injection for more than 10 consecutive years. Data collected included diagnoses and patient characteristics, injection dates, doses administered at each visit, response scores, duration of effect, and adverse events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Included changes in doses, response scores, duration of effects, and adverse events between the first and last botulinum toxin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> injections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010two of 64 patients (mean age at first injection, 57.2\u2009\u00b1\u200912.4 years; 25 women) met the inclusion criteria. The mean duration of follow up was 14.1\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1 years (range 10\u201320 years; mean total visits 44.4\u2009\u00b1\u200919). A higher mean injection dose per visit was administered during the last year compared with the first year (26.8\u2009\u00b1\u200910.3 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 22.5\u2009\u00b1\u20097.5 units, respectively) (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). The mean durations of effect during the first and last years were 12.4\u2009\u00b1\u20097.1 and 14.6\u2009\u00b1\u20097.0 weeks, respectively (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.076). There were no significant differences between genders or between benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm subgroups. The most common adverse events were ptosis, lagophthalmos and dry eye.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Botulinum toxin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> is an effective, safe, long\u2010term treatment for patients with benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Sustained treatment efficacy required higher doses; however, fewer adverse reactions developed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T09:26:44Z","timestamp":1373621204000},"page":"254-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Long\u2010term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin <scp>A<\/scp> injections to treat blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Osama H","family":"Ababneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology The University of Jordan, and Jordan University Hospital  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altug","family":"Cetinkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oculoplastic Surgery D\u00fcnyag\u00f6z Ankara Hastanesi  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwight R","family":"Kulwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Cincinnati Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0768-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2006.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330230060037"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1275"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100010817"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2005000200006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.034702"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9023-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"924","article-title":"Pharmacologic weakening of the extraocular muscles","volume":"12","author":"Scott AB","year":"1973","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35127-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"734","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection of eye muscles to correct strabismus","volume":"79","author":"Scott AB","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(85)90228-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01652.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050030043017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050090057031"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.7.827"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-008-2486-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01537.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20376"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20066"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)32977-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00163-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effects of repeated botulinum toxin injections on orbicularis oculi muscle","volume":"12","author":"Borodic GE","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.3.418"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.03.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200211001-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01439.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00075-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e318244a380"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.6.693-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007849"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; 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