{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:28:37Z","timestamp":1788348517681,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]],"date-time":"2013-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>To determine the prevalence of dry eye syndrome in the general 40\u2010 to 64\u2010year\u2010old population of S<\/jats:styled-content>hahroud, I<\/jats:styled-content>ran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>Population\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Participants<\/jats:title>Through cluster sampling, 6311 people were selected and 5190 participated. Assessment of dry eye was done in a random subsample of 1008 people.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Subjective assessment for dry eye syndrome was performed using O<\/jats:styled-content>cular S<\/jats:styled-content>urface D<\/jats:styled-content>isease I<\/jats:styled-content>ndex questionnaire. In addition, the following objective tests of dry eye syndrome were employed: S<\/jats:styled-content>chirmer test, tear break\u2010up time, and fluorescein and R<\/jats:styled-content>ose B<\/jats:styled-content>engal staining using the O<\/jats:styled-content>xford grading scheme.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>Those with an O<\/jats:styled-content>cular S<\/jats:styled-content>urface D<\/jats:styled-content>isease I<\/jats:styled-content>ndex score \u226523 were considered symptomatic, and dry eye syndrome was defined as having symptoms and at least one positive objective sign.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The prevalence of dry eye syndrome was 8.7% (95% confidence interval 6.9\u201310.6). Assessment of signs showed an abnormal S<\/jats:styled-content>chirmer score in 17.8% (95% confidence interval 15.5\u201320.0), tear break\u2010up time in 34.2% (95% confidence interval 29.5\u201338.8), corneal fluorescein staining (\u22651) in 11.3% (95% confidence interval 8.5\u201314.1) and R<\/jats:styled-content>ose B<\/jats:styled-content>engal staining (\u22653 for cornea and\/or conjunctiva) in 4.9% (95% confidence interval 3.4\u20136.5). According to the O<\/jats:styled-content>cular S<\/jats:styled-content>urface D<\/jats:styled-content>isease I<\/jats:styled-content>ndex scores, 18.3% (95% confidence interval 15.9\u201320.6) had dry eye syndrome symptoms. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome was significantly higher in women (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010) and not significantly associated with age (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.291). The objective dry eye syndrome signs significantly increased with age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Based on the findings, the prevalence of dry eye syndrome in the studied population is in the mid\u2010range. The prevalence is higher in women. Also, objective tests tend to turn abnormal at higher age. Pterygium is associated with dry eye syndrome and increased its symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,8]],"date-time":"2013-08-08T15:38:42Z","timestamp":1375976322000},"page":"242-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Prevalence of dry eye syndrome in an adult population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center Noor Eye Hospital Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Farabi Eye Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Khabazkhoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center Noor Eye Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Kheirkhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center Noor Eye Hospital Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Farabi Eye Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hassan","family":"Emamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahroud University of Medical Sciences Shahroud Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Mehravaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Jules Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shariati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Development Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Fotouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70084-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70085-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70083-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70086-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70081-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70082-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2010.498659"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830903074095"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6703101"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580802228509"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)96016-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318165b1b7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181f7f363"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys161"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940701486803"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.356"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","first-page":"805","article-title":"CANDEES. The Canadian Dry Eye Epidemiology Study","volume":"438","author":"Caffery BE","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.9.1264"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200007000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000244875.92879.1a","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"25","author":"Lekhanont K","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2003.00634.x","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of dry eye syndrome in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"31","author":"Chia EM","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71688-5","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye among the elderly","volume":"124","author":"Schein OD","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"Corneal Sensitivity in Normal Thai Population","volume":"57","author":"Booranapong W","year":"2005","journal-title":"Siriraj Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.9.1286"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.12.1689"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00262-8","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye among an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study","volume":"110","author":"Lin PY","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(01)80136-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.17.2114"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.12.1347","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with dry eye symptoms: a population based study in Indonesia","volume":"86","author":"Lee AJ","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181da5778"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000321531"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050859"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050860"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4314\/wajm.v24i2.28189","article-title":"Tear break\u2010up time in eyes with pterygia and pingueculae in Ibadan","volume":"24","author":"Balogun MM","year":"2005","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fceo.12183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ceo.12183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T02:35:34Z","timestamp":1696300534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ceo.12183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ceo.12183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ceo.12183","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1442-6404","1442-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1442-6404","type":"print"},{"value":"1442-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-04-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-07-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-09-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}